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MERCHANT SHIP OF VENICE, 1629. See p. 148, infra

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Lizard in some twenty-four hours, but he had a vessel of three hundred tons burthen, and was not hampered by a slower consort. Relation of Two Voyages.

No description or representation of the Mayflower other than the brief references in Bradford exists. There is, however, no reason for believing that she differed materially from the merchant vessels of that day, or that an English vessel of her class differed materially from a merchant ship of any other commercial people of Europe. The map makers of that period almost invariably drew upon some part of their plate one or more vessels, usually of the trading type, with sails set, and threading their way among the monsters of the deep, often much larger than themselves. Whether the map was English, Dutch, or German, the vessels have the same general appearance. The representation given on p. 137, supra, is of peculiar interest, as it is taken from the original drawing of John White, who sailed to Virginia with the first and ill-fated settlement (1585), and thus had before him a vessel employed in an oversea voyage. It may be accepted as a fair reproduction of the general appearance of a merchant ship. From Joseph Furttenbach's Architectura Navalis (1629) are taken the three plans of an Italian merchant ship (see p. 123, supra), and all four are reproduced by the Hakluyt Society in their admirable reprint of the Principall Navigations. The outline, interior arrangement and general proportions may thence be obtained. The measurements in the plans are given in palmi, or spans of about nine and one-half inches each. That the vessels were to modern ideas absurdly small for such a voyage, that they were certain to be slow and cranky sailers, and that they were overcrowded on the voyage require no proof. The Mayflower brought one hundred and two passengers and a crew, with all the necessary stores for a voyage that must occupy months, and in the present case actually occupied eight months, in going to New England and returning. With every allowance there could be no provision for comfort, and very inadequate protection against the perils inseparable from an ocean voyage.

The 9. Chap[ter]

Of their vioage, and how they passed the sea, and of their safe arrivall

at Cape Codd.

EPT: 6.1 These troubles being blowne over, and now all being

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compacte togeather in one shipe, they put to sea againe

with a prosperus winde, which continued diverce days togeather, which was some incouragmente unto them; yet according to the usuall maner many were afflicted with sea-sicknes. And I may not omite hear a spetiall worke of Gods providence. Ther was a proud and very profane yonge man, one of the sea-men, of a lustie, able body, which made him the more hauty; he would allway be contemning the poore people in their sicknes, and cursing them dayly with gree[v]ous execrations, and did not let to tell them, that he hoped to help to cast halfe of them over board before they came to their jurneys end, and to make mery with what they had; and if he were by any gently reproved, he would curse and swear most bitterly. But it pl[e]ased God before they came halfe seas over, to smite this yong man with a greeveous disease, of which he dyed in a desperate maner, and so was him selfe the first that was throwne overbord. Thus his curses light on his owne head; and it was an astonishmente to all his fellows, for they noted it to be the just hand of God upon him.2

1 This in double notation would be September 6/16. It is a coincidence worth noting, that on September 17, the future archbishop of London, Laud, first preached before the King, on the introduction of Richard Neile, then bishop of Durham, who had, when in charge of the see of Rochester, appointed Laud one of his chaplains. New England owes to Laud's honest but narrow and misplaced zeal a good share of its mental and religious activities. The contest for conformity supplied the churches of Massachusetts Bay with their leading and most characteristic preachers.

2 Hardly one of these early emigrant voyages was not without a similar instance,

After they had injoyed faire winds and weather for a season, they were incountred many times with crosse winds, and mette with many feirce stormes, with which the shipe was shroudly shaken, and her upper works made very leakie; and one of the maine beames in the midd ships was bowed and craked, which put them in some fear that the shipe could not be able to performe the vioage. So some of the cheefe of the company, perceiveing the mariners to feare the suffisiencie of the shipe, as appeared by their mutterings, they entred into serious consulltation with the m[aste]r and other officers of the ship, to consider in time of the danger; and rather to returne then to cast them selves into a desperate and inevitable perill. And truly ther was great distraction and differance of oppinion amongst the mariners them selves; faine would they doe what could be done for their wages sake, (being now halfe the seas over,) and on the other hand they were loath to hazard their lives too desperatly. But in examening of all oppinions, the m[aste]r and others affirmed they knew the ship to be stronge and firme under water; and for the buckling of the maine beame, ther was a great iron scrue the passengers brought out of Holland, which would raise the beame into his place; the which being done, the carpenter1 and m[aste]r affirmed that with a post put under it, set firme in the lower deck, and otherways bounde, he would make it sufficiente. And as for the decks and uper workes they would calke them as well as they could, and though with the workeing of the ship they [46] would not longe keepe stanch, yet ther would otherwise be no great danger, if they noted more as a providence in favor of the good than as a sea incident. Thus Higginson: "This day a notorious wicked fellow that was given to swering and boasting of his former wickedness, bragged that he had got a wench with child before he came this voyage, and mocked at our daies of fast, railing and jesting against puritans, this fellow fell sick of the pockes and dyed." Hutchinson Papers, 1. *41.

1 "The Carpenter and his Mate is to have the Nayles, Clinches, roue and clinchnailes, spikes, plates, rudder-irons called pintels and gudgions, pumpe-nailes, skuppernailes, and leather, sawes, files, hatchets, and such like: and [be] ever ready for calking, breaming, stopping leakes, fishing or spliceing the Masts or Yards; as occasion requireth, and to give an account of his store." Smith, Accidence, *3.

did not overpress her with sails. So they commited them selves to the will of God, and resolved to proseede. In sundrie of these stormes the winds were so feirce, and the seas so high, as they could not beare a knote of saile, but were forced to hull,1 for diverce days togither. And in one of them, as they thus lay at hull, in a mighty storme, a lustie yonge man (called John Howland) coming upon some occasion above the grattings, was,

with a seele 2 of the shipe throwne into Gloschad con [the] sea; but it pleased God that he

caught hould of the top-saile halliards, which hunge over board, and rane out at length; yet he held his hould (though he was sundrie fadomes under water) till he was hald up by the same rope to the brime of the water, and then with a boathooke and other means got into the shipe againe, and his life saved; and though he was something ill with it, yet he lived many years after, and became a profitable member both in church and commone wealthe. In all this viage ther died but one of the passengers, which was William Butten, a youth, servant to Samuell Fuller, when they drew near the coast. But to omite other things, (that I may be breefe,) after longe beating at sea they fell with that land which is called Cape Cod; the which being made and certainly knowne to be it, they

3

1 "Wee strucke all sayles, and suffered our ship to bee tossed too and fro by the waues all that night (which Mariners call lying at Hull)." Moryson, Itinerary (1617), Pt. 1. bk. 1, 2. See Albert Matthews in Col. Soc. of Mass., Trans. X. II. 2 Roll or pitch of the vessel.

' He died November 6. See Prince, 1. 72, who cites Governor Bradford's Pocket Book, which contained a Register of deaths, etc., from November 6, 1620, to the end of March, 1621. DEANE. He was the son of Robert Butten, and was baptized in the Austerfield Church, February 12, 1598. Davis, in Bradford (Original Narratives of Early American History), 94.

4 The name of Cape Cod is the only remains of Gosnold's visit, in 1602, to this part of the coast. In the Concord he sailed round the Cape to the island of Cuttyhunk, and took in a cargo of cedar and sassafras. One of Gosnold's men, Robert Saltern, was with Pring in the voyage of 1603. The cartography of the Cape is fully told in Winsor, Memorial History of Boston, 1. 37-62. On Ribero's map of 1529 this cape is named C. de Arenas, and on the map of Nic. Vallard de Dieppe of 1543, it is called

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