The Making, Shaping, and Treating of Steel: Ironmaking volume

acid alumina ammonia basic battery blast furnace blast furnace gas blend boiler bosh brick burner byproduct carbon cast casthouse chamber charging checker chemical CO₂ coal coke oven gas combustion concentration condensate cooler cooling density deposits direct reduction equilibrium equipment feed fireclay flow fuel gases graphite hearth heating flues hematite hot blast hot metal hydrogen hydrogen sulfide increase installed Iron and Steel iron oxide ironmaking kiln ladle layer liquor magnetite materials melts million tonnes mining Mt/y natural gas nitrogen operation oxygen pellets plant preheated pressure production reaction reactor reduced refractory regenerator removal shown in Fig silica silicon silicon carbide sinter SiO2 slag solids stack steam steelmaking stove sulfide sulfur surface Table taconite taphole temperature thermal tion trough tuyere typical U.S. Steel valve vapor vertical wall wash oil waste gas wastewater