has resulted in the establishment of communities of monks and priests of the Latin, Greek, and Armenian churches, as well as of the Copts, Jacobites, and others.

The chief struggle has been between the Roman and Greek churches. The city would naturally fall to the share of France were it not for this jealousy. As it is, it is said the czar would lose his throne if he should allow France and the Roman Catholic church to obtain possession of the city. Until a solution of the difficulty is found, the sultan will remain in Constantinople. The Dispute between Great Britain and Venezuela. The report that a British force was marching through Brazilian territory to the land in dispute between that government and the government of Venezuela brings the question of the rights to the territory again to the front. This dispute between Great Britain and Venezuela is of many years standing. It involves the right of the English to occupy the territory beyond the Essequibo (esse-ke' bō) river, which is held by the Venezuelans to be the true

boundary between

their country and British Guiana. The United States is also interested, as it has been held during the past seventy five years, according to the Monroe doctrine, that no foreign nation has a right to take forcible possession of any territory on this continent. Secretary Olney has been making an investigation to decide if Great Britain has a just claim to this territory.

Great Britain has appeared disinclined to submit the

matter to arbitration. Secretary Olney submits two propositions, and Great Britain is left free to choose which she will accept:

First-If the quarrel with Venezuela is an ordinary boundary dispute, having its origin in faulty descriptions, imperfect surveys or other misunderstandings, a refusal to arbitrate the same is contrary to the precedents set by Great Britain herself and contrary to the practice of all civilized nations.

Second-If on the other hand, as appears to be the case, and as is the belief of the president of the United States, the dispute as to the location of a boundary line is a mere disguise under which Great Britain is attempting by superior force to extend her territorial possessians in America, this is directly violative of the Monroe doctrine, and will never be submitted to by the United States.

This action is taken by the administration in order to bring this long standing dispute to arbitration and have it settled.

Statue of a French Canadian Unveiled. A statue to Dr. Chenier, the leader of the rebellion of French citizens of Canada against the British government in 1837, has just been unveiled in Montreal. They even went so far as to draw up a paper declaring the independence of Lower Canada (now the province of Quebec). The provisional government had its headquarters at St. Charles. Owing to the rapid movements of the British forces, all incriminating documents, including the Declaration of Independence, were destroyed. The British cornered the rebels at St. Eustache, where Dr. Chenier fell, fighting for the cause which he thought just.

The latest phase of the Venezuela question is the submission of a note to Venezuela in which it is asserted that Great Britain will not permit any overstepping by that government of the boundaries marked by the Cuyuni and Auracura rivers. Great Britain, however, expresses willingness to submit to arbitration the question of other territories in dispute beyond that limit. Should Great Britain intend to take naval action against Venezuela the movement would be confided to Vice-Admiral Erskine, in command of the North American and West Indian Squadron. A Socialist Leader to be Tried for Treason. Before the opening of the German reichstag next month, Liebknecht, the Socialist leader will be tried for treason. The trial will be based upon a speech delivered at the opening of the Socialist congress at Breslau. In the course of his speech Herr Liebknecht said that the anti-revolution bill had been a miserable failure, yet the government had not abandoned the struggle. The highest authority in the land had thrown down the gauntlet and insulted the social democrats. "Let us," he added, "take up the challenge. He is incapable of touching us. We are above his insults." Continuing, he said that the empire would first collapse, but socialism would triumph, and declared that a violation of universal suffrage would be equal to a death warrant for the imperial government.

LIEBKNECHT.

The use of OUR TIMES in your school will greatly interest your scholars in what is going on in the world. Parents are glad to see this.

The British authorities and the Loyalists of those days bear the rebels no illI will at this distant date. The French Canadians who were present at the unveiling of Chenier's statue expressed no disloyal sentiments. They hold that the sacrifice of Chenier opened the eyes of the home government to their needs, that it was owing to his sacrifice that they obtained an existence worthy of a free people.

THE CHENIER STATUE.

Emperor William Banishes his Brother.

Prince Henry of Prussia, brother of the emperor, has been sent away on a leave of absence for a year because of a serious quarrel with his royal brother. The disagreement between the emperor and his brother is said to have arisen over the organization of the army. Their mother, Empress Frederick, tried in vain to effect a reconciliation. Prince Henry and his wife went for a month's visit to Queen Victoria, his grandmother, at Balmoral (bal-mōr' al).

THE TENNYSON BEACON.

The Tennyson Beacon.

The illustration shows the beacon that is proposed to be erected on Highdown, Freshwater, on the western end of the isle of Wight to the memory of Lord Tennyson. It consists of a tall Iona cross, thirty-two feet high, with the pedestal, designed by Mr. Pearson, R. A. The inscription on the shaft reads as follows: "To the memory of Alfred, Lord Tennyson, this Cress, a Beacon to Sailors, is raised by the people of Freshwater, and others who desired to honor him in England and America." There is a certain fitness even in the choice of the form of the monument, as Tennyson was strongly interested in Celtic Christianity, and had thought at one time of writing a poem upon the monks of Iona. The Trinity house and board of trade have agreed to accept the beacon as national property, and to provide for its proper maintenance. It will be marked as the "Tennyson Beacon " on all official charts, and will serve as a landmark for vessels entering the Solent from the west.

China Yields to Great Britain.

The attention of the school should be called to the concession just made to Great Britain by China. If there is one thing that Great Britain, as the leading commercial nation in the world. must attend to strictly it is the protection of the lives and property of its subjects in foreign lands. After the Ku-cheng massacre the Chinese thought that the British would be pacified with the beheading of a few minor officials; but this was not sufficient to make amends for the crime nor to prevent further outrages. Nothing less than the degradation of Viceroy Liu, of the province of Sze-Chuen in which the outrage took place, would do. China hesitated about granting this demand, but quickly decided in favor of it when a fleet of British gunboats appeared off the coast. Japan taught China that her methods of warfare were antiquated; Britain has just taught her that she must conform her laws, at least as far as foreigners are concerned, to those of the civilized world.

France and Russia to Help Each Other. President Faure, of France, will probably make a visit to Russia in the spring. If he does he will be lodged in the imperial palace and paid the highest honors. The visit will have political meaning. France, it is said, will support Russia's attempts to oust the Japanese from Corea, in return for which Russia will aid France in her attempt to dislodge the British from Egypt.

The Work of Louis Pasteur.

This eminent chemist and scientist, who died in Paris recently in the seventy-fourth year of his age, was popularly known in this country only as the disc verer of a cure for rabies or hydrophobia by inoculation. But this is not his only claim to remembrance. Years ago when the silk culture in France, which produced a revenue of 130,000,000 francs, had been well-nigh ruined

by a disease in the silkworm, M. Pasteur, who had never handled one of these worns in his life was induced to investigate the cause of the calamity. He quickly ascertained its parasitic origin, and, though ridiculed for his views, restored to France the endangered industry.

As far back as 1863 he demolished the theory of spontaneous generation by demonstrating, contrary to scientists who had preceded him, that life can only proceed from antecedent life. He set up his laboratory on a mountain top and proved conclusively that in pure air, where there could be no contagion of germs, fermentation could not occur, and no animalculæ could appear, and that therefore there was no such thing as spontaneous generation.

LOUIS PASTEUR.

The vine culture in France was imperiled; Pasteur saved it. The fowl cholera became epidemic in Paris; Pasteur suppressed it. He inoculated cattle for "splenic fever," and stayed the disease. He successfully inoculated pigs against swine fever. He reached the conclusion, indeed, that every disease, whether in man or animal, which is caused by a micro-organism, can be killed by isolation. "Isolate the afflicted, the well will remain well." In his last years he received many honors.

The French Triumph in Madagascar.

The French have succeeded in capturing Antananarivo, the capital of Madagascar. The troops under Gen. Duchesne, in marching from the coast to the capital, had severe engagements

with the Hovas on Sept. 28 and 29. On the 30th the French attacked the enemy who had taken up their position in the mountain ridges east of Antananarivo. The positions were strongly held, and the French forces were divided into two columns. After a hot contest the Hovas were driven out of their position, but still resisted the advance of the French.

At two o'clock in the afternoon the enemy's batteries at the palace and at the north end of the capital opened fire on the French. Gen. Duchesne then ordered a general bombardment, and sent six columns to attack the town. At this point the Hovas sent messengers to demand a truce. Gen. Duchesne stipulated that the French should occupy the town. This was agreed to and the Occupation was immediately effected.

The French victory places the island under the protection of the republic. The claim to the island dates back to the time of Richelieu, two centuries and a half ago, who coveted it, in spite of the fact that it was discovered by the Portuguese. In this case, as is so often the case when a strong nation attacks a weak one, there is not even the pretense of protecting trade, for France's trade is only about ten per cent. less than that of England, Germany, or the United States. Gen. Duchesne, for his success, has been made an officer of the Legion of Honor.

RANAVALONA III.

The prime minister will be barished, but the reign of Queen Ranavalona III. will be maintained. She is of medium height, thin, and lithe, as undulating and supple as a snake. She has a very small waist, a small foot, and tapering fingers. Her complexion is light chocolate, her forehead handsome and noble, her hair long, thick, and glossy, her eyes shaped like almonds. Her cheek bones recall the definite type of the Malay race.

The royal residence is composed of eight palaces. The one which the queen inhabits is called "Eye of the Day." The official

palace is a frame building, surrounded by stone verandas. A tree trunk, about forty yards in height, occupies the center of the reception room. It was carried from the forest by 5,000 men. When her majesty receives strangers her audience is given in the silver palace, thus called because it is ornamented with a string of silver bells.

The Queen of Corea Murdered.

Because the Queen proposed to disarm and disband a portion of the army, the soldiers, with the Tai-Won- Kun, the father of the king, at their head, marched to the palace in Seoul (sa ool'), and during the rioting the queen was murdered.

The Tai-Won- Kun, who is now over seventy years old, and not of royal descent, succeeded in having his son adopted by the former king and has ever since been the master of his offspring.

For fifteen years the only successful opposition to his influence was that of the queen, and, though he could never heretofore be directly connected with attempts to assassinate her, it is wellknown that he has been unceasing in his efforts to resume his control of royal affairs. It is said that under his administration the robbing of the people will go on the same as before if there is not some force to resist it. That force will be supplied by Prince Pak Yong Kiu, formerly prime minister of the Corean government, but for the past few months at the head of the Corean legation in Washington. He is the acknowledged head of the progressive party in Corea. While Prince Pak was at the head of affairs he managed to introduce various reforms to curtail the misrule and the absolutism of the sovereigns. He put an end to the extravagant methods of the royal family, and the barbarous system of extorting all manner of tributes from the people, by fixing annual allowances for the palace and all branches of the government, and abolished many of the old laws by which the country was crushed. He settled the relations between soldiers and civilians, established a police system, and secured personal liberty, as well as the stability of real property.

THE FATHER OF THE KING OF COREA.

This dissatisfied the queen, as her soldiers were thus prevented from robbing the people, but it was not until he began to punish her people that the opposition to him was open. Then he was obliged to fly; he went to Japan and thence came to the United States. He expects to return to his country to lead the reform party once more.

THE LATE QUEEN OF COREA.

The Japanese have admitted that their officials in Corea were very negligent in not attempting to save the life of the queen. A thorough investigation will be made and the guilty ones punished.

Important Discoveries in Franz Josef Land.

The account of the Jackson-Harmsworth polar expedition, that is now being published in England, shows that the map and character of Franz Josef Land, hitherto accepted, to be very inaccurate. A sea and islands were discovered where the mainland was supposed to be. Markham sound and the territory to the northward are totally different from their delineation on previous maps. The mountains mentioned in the accounts of the Austrian expeditions are invisible on the clearest day. The ponies taken with them were of the greatest value. The animals ciambered over the ice hummocks with skill and agility, and kept fresh well. Several more ponies will be sent to Franz Josef Land in June, when the Windward returns there.

A leading Sister of Charity recently stated at a meeting of the numerous Sisters of her order engaged in educational work near New York City, that OUR TIMES was the best paper of the kind she knew of. Its large use in the Catholic schools attests its real value.

Brazilian Rebels Pardoned.

The Brazilian officers who took part in the recent revolutions and have been pardoned are not to be permitted to re-enter active service until two years shall have elapsed, but they may draw their full pay. Admiral Mello, Gen. Silveyra, and Martin will return to Rio de Janeiro next month.

Italy and Portugal at Odds.

The canceling of the visit that King Carlos proposed to make to King Humbert, the change in plan being due to the attitude of the Pope, has caused friction between Portugal and Italy. Diplomatic relations with Portugal have been suspended. This course taken by Premier Crispi is applauded by the Liberals. The belief is that Portugal will recall her minister to Italy.

The Proposed New Capital for Brazil.

The Brazilians have found Rio de Janeiro (re'o da-zhǎ-na' ro), though beautifully located, very undesirable in some respects as a capital. One is that fever is prevalent at certain seasons of the year. A commission has just reported in favor of a capital on a new site on a high plateau of the Pereneos (pa-ra-na-oce) mountains, between latitudes 15° 40' and 16° 8' and longitudes 49° 31' and 51°. The climate is temperate, and a water supply can be obtained for a city of a million inhabitants. There will be room for more than that, for the territory set aside is sixty miles wide and one hundred miles long. It is about a day's journey from the coast by rail.

Lord Sackville Criticises Mr. Bayard.

Lord Sackville, British minister to this country from 1881 to to 1888, published recently a pamphlet reviewing his career in the United States and severely criticising Mr. Bayard, present ambassador to England, and secretary of state at that time. It will be remembered that Lord Sackville's recall was asked for by President Cleveland because he was charged, during a heated presidential contest, of advising a voter how to cast his vote. A foreign minister has no right to interfere in the politics of the country to which he is sent. The English papers have given little attention to Lord Sackville's utterances, except to condemn them.

Japan's New Navy.

Japan's shipbuilding program for the next five years has been definitely settled. In addition to the two large ironclads now building in England, she is to have four line-of-battle ships of the Royal Sovereign type, three cruisers of from 7,000 to 8,000 tons, four cruisers of 4,000 tons, with a speed of twenty knots, and a number of smaller craft. When this program is carried out, her fleet will comprise six first-class line-of-battle ships, each more powerful than any vessel flying a foreign flag in Eastern waters, and a large squadron of magnificent fast cruisers.

A Sixth Term for Pres. Diaz.

In his recent message to Congress Pres. Porfirio Diaz, of Mexico, called attention to the progress made under his administration, the peaceful relations maintained with foreign powers, the sanitary regulations adopted, the charitable institutions aided. the expansion of mining industries, railroad, telegraph and postal extension, the hopeful condition of the national finances, etc. There is no doubt he will be elected president for the sixth time. Tunneling through the Alps.

It will take five years and cost $11,000,000 to pierce the Simplon. Two parallel tunnels are proposed, 57 feet apart, but connected at intervals of 225 feet. They will be about 12 miles long each-a third longer than the Mont Cenis tunnel and a quarter longer than the St. Gothard. Work will begin in the spring.

A South American Gold Belt.

Immense numbers of miners are flocking to the gold mines at Carsevine on the island of Cayenne (kā-yenn'), near the coast of Guiana. Large quanties of gold have been found, and the indications are that there is a golden belt extending from Venezuela to Brazil.

Thirty German military officers have gone to Valparaiso to act as instructors of the Chilean army.

A Dublin firm has used successfully a camera that takes a plate seven feet high and five feet wide.

The Hungarian government estimates the total wheat crop of the world this year at 2,401,123,000 bushels.

The civil marriage law has gone into effect in Hungary. The disabilities of Jewish subjects have also been removed.

The indemnity that will be paid to Japan for the evacuation of the Liaotong peninsula has been reduced to 30,000,000 taels.

An additional amount of fifty million francs is to be asked of the French Chambers on account of the Madagascar campaign. Cairo and Alexandria will probably have electric railways within a year. It is proposed to build a road from Cairo to the Pyramids, a distance of ten miles.

OUR TIMES is gaining as a supplementary reader. once a week will make your scholars wide awake.

Its use

Our Own Land.

Death of a Famous Virginian.

Ex-Senator William Mahone, of Virginia, died in Washington October 8. He was a native of Virginia, born in 1826, was graduated from the Virginia military institute, and afterwards became a teacher in the Rappahannock military academy. Later he was engaged in building various railroads, and during the war served with distinction in the Confederate army. He was made major-general in 1864, and for repelling Burnside's assault at Petersburg was styled the "Hero of the Crater." After the war he took an active part in politics. Becoming dissatisfied in 1880 with the methods of the Democratic party in Virginia he organized a revolt, and in that year there was a complete overthrow of the Democratic party, and he was elected to the United States senate. In the organization of the senate he broke the tie by casting his vote with the Republicans.

GEN. WILLIAM MAHONE.

Cheap Transportation from the Great Lakes.

The first annual convention of the Deep Waterways Association, whose object is to secure better water communication between the Great Lakes and the Atlantic, was opened in Cleveland, September 24. The opening addresses were made by Gen. E. C. O'Brien, of New York city; Mayor McKisson, of Cleveland, and International President Oliver A. Howland, of Toronto; E. V. Smalley, of St. Paul, said that Cleveland had been demonstrated to be the most convenient point where the ores of Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan could meet the coals of Ohio. It ha outstripped all other Ohio cities because of its position near the lower end of the thousand miles of deep waterway which now reaches from Duluth and Superior to the Niagara river. Its prosperity will be increased when that waterway is extended eastward to meet the tidal flow of the Atlantic. Thomas F. Clarke, one of the speakers, said that public opinion should concentrate itself upon the following things:

First.-Immediate improvement of the Erie and Oswego canals, upon which a vote is to be taken in New York state at the November election. Second.-Construction of a ship canal not less than twenty-five feet deep around the falls of Niagara.

Third-Surveying the Oswego and Albany route to see if such a canal can be built within practicable limits of cost.

Fourth.-If fleets of steel barges can be built and insured so as to run both on the canal and on the lakes, the cost of transportation by them would be less than by a ship canal.

Resolutions were adopted affirming the necessity of connecting the Great Lakes with the Atlantic. William Lyman, of New York, was elected president for a year, O'Neill Ryan, of St. Louis, vicepresident, and P. V. Fitzpatrick, of Chicago, treasurer.

Death of a Prominent Author.

Readers of magazines and books will regret to learn of the death of Prof. Hjalmar Hjorth Boyesen (hyal' mar hyorth boi'-e-sen), of Columbia college. Although a Norwegian by birth he became a master of English and wrote numerous volumes. The best known of his fictions perhaps are "Gunnar, a Norse Romance," and "A Norseman's Pilgrimage." He was also well known as a critic and dramatist. Prof. Boyesen in literature was always a realist, and was known as an admirer and critic of Ibsen (ib'sen) and Bjornson (byern'son).

H. H. BOYESEN.

Long Distance Transmission of Electricity at Sacramento. If some American of the past century could have awoke from the dead and beheld the fairy-like evening scene in Sacramento, Cal., recently he would have thought he was in another world. Twenty-five thousand many-colored incandescent lights and six hundred arc lights made the streets as light as day for a distance of two miles and a half while a long procession, in which there were many symbolical and industrial floats, was passing. The procession was in honor of the successful transmission of electrical power from a dam twenty-two miles away, where great turbine wheels generate electricity in four one thousand horse power dynamos. The electricity will be used to light the houses and streets and run the machinery, and some of it may be used for heating. The loss of power in transmission is said to be only ten per cent.

Fighting the Beef Trust.

It has been pretty clearly shown that the high prices of dressed beef last spring were caused by the beef trust of Chicago who regulated the number of dressed cattle that should be sent to agents in various places and fixed the price. The matter is now under investigation, and nine great packing-houses are involved. Secretary Morton has issued an order authorizing the free admission of cattle from Mexico from and after October 22, instead of waiting till the month following, with the view, it is said, of fighting this unscrupulous combine."

An Educational Test for South Carolina Voters. The South Carolina constitutional convention adopted the Mississippi plan of suffrage with some modifications. That plan provides that such persons as can read any designated section of the constitution, or who can understand it when read (the election officer determines whether or not the understanding is correct!) can vote (if not he is disqualified). After 1898 no one can register who cannot read and write any section of the constitution; those who register prior to that time on the "understanding" clause, shall not be deprived of the franchise thereafter except for crime, idiocy, etc.

The Author of "Vive l' America."

Harrison Millard, a noted composer who died recently at the age of sixty-five, was best known as the author of the patriotic song, "Vive l'America." He served in the civil war, was wounded in the battle of Chickamauga, and before the close of the struggle received the brevet of adjutant-general. He was an opera composer and opera singer. Among his most popular songs are Waiting," "Flag of the Free," and "Under the Daisies." Much of his work was religious and he composed a number of masses and vespers.

66

Arizona Asks for Statehood.

Arizona has asked to be made a state and will probably soon be admitted. She has 77,000 people, an assessed valuation of over $27,000,000 ($350 to each), 579,000 acres under cultivation, 750,000 more in process of reclamation by means of irrigation, 10,000,000 capable of cultivation, 40,000,000 acres of grazing lands, 8,000,000 to 10,000,000 feet of standing lumber, yearly mining products worth $12,000,000, and 37,000 Indians who have lost all love for fighting.

How Congress Stands on the Silver Question.

A poll of the next Congress, by the New York chamber of commerce, shows 88 for free silver, 216 against, 52 doubtful or views not known; of those for it, 30 are Republicans, 51 Democrats, 7 Populists; New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Maryland, West Virginia, and all New England report delegations solid against it.

Back from the Arctic Regions. Lieut. Peary and a party have returned from their polar expedition bringing with them a large number of museum specimens of Arctic animals, minerals, and meteorites. So far as the attainment of the object sought, the expedition was a failure. During the whole trip Lieut. Peary only got twelve miles nearer the pole than on his previous trip. The sufferings of the party were very great, and at one time they had to eat their dogs to sustain life. Lieut. Peary says he believes the north pole will be reached soon, but he will not be the man to get there, as he is done with Arctic travel. "There are three things," he says, "that operate against those who try to reach the pole: The ice that is in the way of vessels, the darkness during so many months, and the extreme difficulty in carrying about enough provisions in a condensed form. These are the difficulties that some one must largely overcome it the work is to be accomplished."

LIEUT. PEARY.

They Want Poe's Cottage.

The Shakespeare society of New York city held a meeting recently at the Poe cottage in Fordham, where the poet spent considerable time and wrote some of his most popular poems and stories. President Appleton Morgan made a speech in which he favored the purchase of the cottage by the society, in order to preserve it. If some action is not taken soon it will be destroyed, as the proposed widening of the Kingsbridge road will cut it just in halves.

More Soldiers for Cuba.

Spain is to send 12,000 more soldiers to reinforce the army of Gen. Campos in Cuba. This raises the army on the island to about 80,000 men. The plan is to carry on a great campaign with a heavy force and crush the rebellion all at once. The Cubans however, are not likely to remain in any one place long enough to be crushed. They know the country, its morasses, its jungles,

and its mountains; they have the sympathy of the people and the ability to wear out hostile armies in skirmishes without ever engaging in a pitched battle. Then there is a danger for Spain at home; if too many men are withdrawn there may be a rebellion that will require as many men in Madrid as in Cuba. McMahon Hall of Philosophy.

An important event at the Catholic university in Washington recently was the dedication of the Mc Mahon hall of philosophy and the opening of the institution to lay students. Among those who were present and took part in the exercises were Mgr. Satolli, the apostolic delegate, Cardinal Gibbons, The Bishop Keane, and others. new building was erected through the munificence of Monsignor Mc Mahon, who became wealthy through real estate transactions in New York city. When a young man he was left a small patrimony, which he invested in city property, and the great increase in values of real estate during fifty years brought him a fortune of more than $400,000.

MGR. MCMAHON.

Another Ship for Uncle Sam's Navy.

The armored cruiser Brooklyn was launched recently at Cramp's shipyard in Philadelphia. She is a twin-screw ship of 9,271 tons displacement, or over a thousand more than the New York. On the load water line her length is 400.5 feet; beam, extreme, 64.68; draught, normal, 24 feet; indicated horse power, 16,000; estimated speed in knots per hour, 20; coal capacity, 1,753 tons. The contract price of the ship is $2,986,000.

The President at the Atlanta Exposition. President Cleveland and party, consisting of Secretaries Carlisle, Lamont, Herbert, Smith, and Morton and Postmaster-general Wilson, with the lady members of their families, arrived at the Atlanta exposition Oct. 22 on a special train. They stopped at Charlotte, Greenville, Spartanburg, and other places on the way. The president viewed the exposition, reviewed the troops, and made an address commendatory of the industry and enterprise of the South.

Utah Preparing for Statehood.

Utah is making arrangements to take its place among the sisterhood of states. The political parties have nominated candidates for United States senators, representatives in Congress, and state officers. A party in Utah is opposed to statehood; they charge that the Mormons are exercising too much influence in politics.

Complaints Against Admiral Kirkland.

Rear Admiral William A. Kirkland has been detached from the command of the European squadron and ordered home. It is expected that he will retire voluntarily from the service at once, although his retirement for age would occur very soon. The admiral has been recalled because Secretary Herbert has not been pleased with his conduct for some time. The first friction with the department occurred when Admiral Kirkland congratulated Pres. Faure, of France, on his election. The secretary held this to be wrong, and admiral replied that he congratulated M. Faure in a personal capacity and not as a United States officer. Next Admiral Kirkland was charged with making, in a newspaper interview, insulting comments on the American missionaries in Syria. This was brought to the attention of the navy department by a religious organization in Boston. Then a complaint was made by a chaplain in the navy who charged that Admiral Kirkland insulted him during the ceremonies of opening the Kiel canal. The admiral ordered him below in an insulting manner because he did not appear in a regulation uniform. Other rereports of a more personal nature have been mad, and after considering them it was decided to detach the admiral from his command. Commodore Selfridge has been ordered to take command of the European squadron.

Silver Coinage to Stop.

All silver coinage, except that of subsidiary silver, has been ordered suspended after Nov. I next by Secretary Carlisle. In carrying out this policy the New Orleans (La.), mint will be practically closed and dismantled after that date, and its seventy employees furloughed without pay. Since Mr. Carlisle has been at the head of the treasury department the coinage of silver dollars has amounted to 4,382,324; that during the few years past is as

follows: 1865, 3,956,011; 1894. 758; 1893. 5.343,000; 1892, 8,329,000; 1891, 27,000,000. The total coinage of silver under all acts amounts to $423,289,309.

The treasury now holds of silver bullion purchased under the "Sherman act," 137,644,000 fine ounces, the cost of which was $124,080,323; the coining value of this bullion in silver dollars is $177,964,000. If this bullion were coined into silver standard dollars, the profit to the government on its coinage would be nearly $54,000,000, which sum could be paid out for the ordinary expenses of the government, or against which silver certificates could be issued.

The practical effect of the action taken by Secretary Carlisle is to convert all the silver bullion held by the government into gold obligations.

Sherman notes become gold obligations, and the silver coined standard silver dollars and the silver certificates issued upon them become silver obligations. The suspension of the coinage of standard silver dollars, therefore, leaves the bullion silver free from any further liability of conversion into silver obligations. The closing up of the New Orleans mint leaves only the United States mints at Philadelphia and San Francisco in operation. At these mints only gold and subsidiary silver will hereafter be coined, unless Congress should direct to the contrary, and its action should be approved by the president.

Gen. Miles in Command of the U. S. Army. The close of September brought the retirement of Lieut.-Gen. Schofield from the position of commander-in-chief of the army and the appointment of Maj.Gen. Miles to the position. Gen. Ruger beccmes by this change commander of the department of the East with headquarters at New York city. Gen. Miles won distinction in the civil war, his services being especially valuable in the final campaigns in Virginia. It was his Indian campaigns, however, that gave him his widest reputation. He has fought and conquered more Indian chiefs than any other American soldier. The tribes that he has brought to terms include the Southern Cheyennes (shi-ens') and Arapahoes (a-rap' a-hōs), the Kiowas (ki'o-was) and Comanches (kō-man' ches), the Sioux of many different bands, the Northern Cheyennes, the Nez Percés, the Bannocks, and the Apaches (ä-pä' chez).

GEN. MILES.

A secret compact has been formed in Guatemalaa to oppose the federation of the Central American republics.

The law annexing 15,000 acres in Westchester county to New York city is sustained by the court of appeals.

It is announced from Rome that Mgr. Satolli (să-tol'-e), the papal delegate to the United States, will be made a cardinal.

Rhode Island has voted down the proposition to increase the terms of the governor and state officers from one to two years.

The report of the United States general land office shows that there was an increase of patents over the previous year of 10,408,132 acres.

The Liberty Bell at Atlanta (which is not the original bell at Philadelphia, but a copy of it) is to ring every midnight until Cuba is free.

The overthrow of the church party in the recent revolution in Ecuador probably means the separation of church and state in that country.

The state department at Washington has been notified that Spain refuses to allow American missionaries to return to the Caroline islands.

President Cleveland has issued an order, bringing under civil service rules a large part of the consular service, including all officers whose income from salary or fees ranges from $1,000 to $2,500.

The International Navigation Company's new steamer, the St. Paul, had a trial trip off the New England coast recently, and made an excellent showing. She was built at the Cramp shipyard at Philadelphia.

The representatives of the Irish cause in America, at Chicago, recently adopted a resolution in favor of using physical force in securing the independence of Ireland. It is the opinion of sound thinkers that this declaration will injure the cause.

Superintendent Skinner, of New York state, has issued a circular calling the attention of school officers to the law requiring them to provide school-houses with flags. The failure to procure a flag is sufficient cause for the removal of the officer who is guilty of the neglect.

News Summary.

SEPTEMBER.

19.-The Spanish General Linares shoots three peaceful Cuban citizens; Antonio Maceo gives orders to kill several Spanish prisoners.

20.-English men of-war makes a naval demonstration up the Yang-tse-Kiang river.

21.-The Conservative party advocates sectarian schools in the British isles, supported by national funds.

22.-A monument to Cavour dedicated in Rome in the presence of King Humbert and other notable persons.

23.- Cuban filibusters acquitted at Wilmington, Del. 24.-Natives in the island of Timor rebel against Portuguese

rule.

1.-Spain loses another cruiser, the Christobal Colon; it runs aground off Mantua and sinks.

2.-Cadiz preparing a large fleet for use against Cuban rebels. 3.-The Priests Eucharistic League (Roman Catholic), in session in Washington, passes resolutions in favor of a strict observance of Sunday.

4.-King Humbert congratulates Premier Crispi, on the occurrence of his seventy-sixth birthday.

6.-Argentina subsidizes a steamship line to New York. 7.-The commercial treaty between France and Great Britain relative to trade between France and the Dominion of Canada ratified.

8. A heavy increase in exports, especially iron and steel, reported.

10.-Nicaragua settles her debt with England.

11.-A meeting of Cuban sympathizers in New York city.

12. According to the treaty of peace no territorial concessions shall be made by the Hovas to foreigners in Madagascar without the consent of France.

14.-Secretary Olney said to have requested the Spanish government to extend Consul General Williams' power so as to enable him to protect American citizens in Cuba.

15.-The New York Yacht club formally accepts the challenge for the America's Cup sent by the Royal Victoria Yacht Club on behalf of C. D. Rose.-A new cabinet, composed of members of all parties, formed in Norway. with Dr. Hagerup as premier.The town of Zabara, in Arabia, bombarded and destroyed by two British warships.

16.-In her preliminary test the battleship Indiana proves to be the finest of her class in the world.

18. The steamship Paris undergoing thorough repairs at the Cramp shipyards, Philadelphia.

19.-It is stated that Spain is dissatisfied with Minister de Lome's diplomacy in this country and that he may be recalled. 20.-Rev. T. De Witt Talmage preaches his farewell sermons in Brooklyn and New York.

21.-The Meyer ballot machine to be used in the town of Northfield, Staten Island, at the coming election.

22.-Young Armenians in Asia Minor enrolling with the revolutionists; attacks on Christians continue.

23.-Great rush to the gold fields discovered at Harley Creek, Montana.-Serious forest fires in Wisconsin.-Paderewski, the pianist, arrives at New York on the White Star steamship Teutonic.

Questions and Answers.

What is there to mark the boundary line between the United States and Canada, besides the great lakes? P. S. R.

A line of pillars was recently completed to mark the boundary between the United States and Mexico. The land boundary between the United States and Canada is marked in a similar way. Will you give in OUR TIMES the ten most important American inventions ? C. H. G.

Judging from their effects in revolutionizing art and industry. the ten most important American inventions, we believe, are as follows: 1. The steamboat, Robert Fulton (1765-1815). 2. The telegraph, S. F. B. Morse (1791-1872). 3. The sewing machine, Elias Howe (1819--1867). 4. The cotton gin, Eli Whitney (1765-1825). 5. The process of vulcanizing rubber, Charles Goodyear (1800--1860). 6. The reaper, Cyrus H. McCormick (1806-1884). 7. The telephone, Alexander G. Bell (1847-). 8. The incandescent electric light, Thomas A.