Thou traitor, what meaneth it that thou shouldest thus in vaine follow me that am not appointed to be slaine by anie creature that is borne of a woman, come on therefore, and receiue thy reward which thou hast de serued for thy paines, and therwithall he lifted vp his swoord thinking to haue slaine him.

"But Makduffe quicklie auoiding* from his horsse, yer he came at him, answered (with his naked swoord in his hand) saieng: It is true Makbeth, and now shall thy insatiable crueltie haue an end, for I am euen he that thy wizzards haue told thee of, who was neuer borne of my mother, but ripped out of her wombe: therewithall he stept vnto him, and slue him in the place. Then cutting his head from his shoulders, he set it vpon a pole, and brought it vnto Malcolme. This was the end of Makbeth, after he had reigned 17 yeeres ouer the Scotishmen. In the beginning of his reigne he accomplished manie woorthie acts, verie profitable to the common-wealth, (as ye haue heard) but afterward by illusion of the diuell, he defamed the same with most terrible crueltie. He was slaine in the yeere of the incarnation 1057, and in the 16 yeere of king Edwards reigne ouer the Englishmen.

v. 8. 53.

"Malcolme Cammore thus recouering the relme (as ye haue heard) by support of king Edward, in the 16 yeere of the same Edwards reigne, he was crowned at Scone the 25 day of Aprill, in the yeere of our Lord 1057. Immediatlie after his coronation he called a parlement at Forfair, in the which he rewarded them with lands and liuings that had assisted him against Makbeth, aduancing them to fees and offices as he saw cause, & commanded that speciallie those that bare the surname of anie offices or lands, should haue and inioy the same. He created manie earles, lords, barons, and knights. Manie of them that before were thanes, were at this time made earles, as Fife, Menteth, Atholl, Leuenox,

v. 8. 63. Murrey, Cathnes, Rosse, and Angus. These were the first earles that haue beene heard of amongst the Scotishmen, (as their histories doo make mention.)' (pp. 174-176.)

"In the fift Chapter' of 'the eight Booke of the historie of England,' Shakespeare found the account of young Siward's death (v. 7.):

"About the thirteenth yeare of king Edward his reigne (as some write) or rather about the nineteenth or twentith yeare, as should appeare by the Scotish writers, Siward the noble earle of Northumberland with a great power of horssemen went into Scotland, and in battell put to flight Mackbeth that had vsurped the crowne of Scotland, and that doone, placed Malcolme surnamed Camoir, the sonne of Duncane, sometime king of Scotland, in the gouernement of that realme, who afterward slue the said Mackbeth, and then reigned in quiet. Some of our English writers say that this Malcolme was king of Cumberland, but other report him to be sonne to the king of Cumberland. But heere is to be noted, that if Mackbeth reigned till the yeare 1061, and was then slaine by Malcolme, earle Siward was not at that battell; for as our writers doo testi

*Withdrawing, dismounting. Cf. W. T. i. 2. 462: "Let us avoid;" Cor. iv. 5. 34: "here's no place for you; pray you, avoid." See also 1 Sam. xviii. 11.—(Ed.)

fie, he died in the yeare 1055, which was in the yeare next after (as the same writers affirme) that he vanquished Mackbeth in fight, and slue manie thousands of Scots, and all those Normans which (as ye haue heard) were withdrawen into Scotland, when they were driuen out of England.

"It is recorded also, that in the foresaid battell, in which earle Siward vanquished the Scots, one of Siwards sonnes chanced to be slaine, whereof although the father had good cause to be sorowfull, yet when he heard that he died of a wound which he had receiued in fighting stoutlie in the forepart of his bodie, and that with his face towards the enimie, he greatlie reioised thereat, to heare that he died so manfullie. But here is to be noted, that not now, but a little before (as Henrie Hunt. saith) that earle Siward went into Scotland himselfe in person, he sent his sonne with an armie to conquere the land, whose hap was there to be slaine; and when his father heard the newes, he demanded whether he receiued the wound whereof he died, in the forepart of the bodie, or in the hinder part: and when it was told him that he receiued it in the forepart; I rev. 8. 49. ioise (saith he) euen with all my heart, for I would not wish either to my sonne nor to my selfe any other kind of death.""

SCENE I.-1. Delius remarks (cf. Gr. 504) that this trochaic metre is elsewhere used by S. when supernatural beings are speaking; as in Temp. and M. N. D.

The folios put an interrogation mark at the end of the first line.

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3. Hurlyburly. Doubtless an onomatopoetic word, as Peacham explained it in the Garden of Eloquence in 1577: Onomatopeia, when we invent, devise, fayne, and make a name intimating the sound of that it signifyeth, as hurlyburly, for an uprore and tumultuous stirre." Hullabaloo (which is not in Wb., though given by Worc. and Wedgwood) is probably a related word. S. uses hurlyburly only here and in 1 Hen. IV. v. I. 78, where it is an adjective. He has hurly in the same sense in T. of S. iv. 1.216: "amid this hurly;" K. John, iii. 4. 169: "Methinks I see this hurly all on foot ;" and 2 Hen. IV. iii. 1. 25: "That with the hurly death itself awakes."

Cf. Latimer (sermon preached in 1550): "the chiefest cause of all this hurlyburly and commotion;" North's Plutarch (Fabius): "A marvellous tumult and hurlyburly;" Spenser, F. Q. v. 3, 30:

5. Set of sun.

Throughout the hall for that same warlike horse."

The C. P. ed. cites Rich. III. v. 3. 19: "The weary sun hath made a golden set."

8. Graymalkin. Also spelled Grimalkin; it means a gray cat. Mal

kin is a diminutive of Mary, and, like maukin (or mawkin) which is the same word, is often used as a common noun and contemptuously (=kitchen-wench); as in Cor. ii. 1. 224; Periv. 3. 34. Cf. Tennyson, Princess, v. "a draggled mawkin.” Malkin is the name of one of the

witches in Middleton's Witch.

9. Paddock. A toad. R. Scot (Discovery of Witchcraft, 1584) says: "Some say they [witches] can keepe divels and spirits in the likenesse cf todes and cats. Cf. Ham. iii. 4. 190.

The word sometimes means a frog; as in the North of England, according to Goldsmith. Cf. Chapman, Cæsar and Pompey (1607): "Paddockes, todes, and watersnakes." In New England bull-paddock" is a popular synonym for bull-frog.

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10. Anon. Presently, immediately; "especially by waiters, instead of the modern 'coming '" (Schmidt). Cf. 1 Hen. IV. ii. 1. 5; ii. 4. 29, 36, 41, 49, 58, etc.

II. Fair is foul, etc. "The meaning is, that to us, perverse and malignant as we are, fair is foul, and foul is fair" (Johnson). Cf. Spenser, F. Q. iv. 8, 32: "Then faire grew foule, and foule grew faire in sight."

SCENE II.-The C. P. editors believe that this scene was not written by S. They remark: " Making all allowance for corruption of text, the slovenly metre is not like Shakespeare's work, even when he is most careless. The bombastic phraseology of the sergeant is not like Shakespeare's language even when he is most bombastic. What is said of the thane of Cawdor, lines 52, 53, is inconsistent with what follows in scene iii. lines 72, 73, and 112 sqq. We may add that Shakespeare's good sense would hardly have tolerated the absurdity of sending a severely wounded soldier to carry the news of a victory."

On this last point Mr. Furnivall (Trans. New Shaks. Soc. 1874, p. 499) says: "Mr. Daniel has already answered this by showing (1.) that the sergeant is not sent; (2.) that no victory had been won when he left the field; (3.) that the man sent with news of the victory was Ross; (4.) that the wounded sergeant was only met by Duncan, etc." Cf. Weiss, p. 364.

1. Bloody. Bodenstedt (cited by Furness) remarks that "this word bloody reappears on almost every page, and runs like a red thread through the whole piece; in no other of Shakespeare's dramas is it so frequent.' 3. Sergeant. Here a trisyllable. Gr. 479. In the stage direction of the folio we find "a bleeding Captaine," but "Serieant" in this line of the

text.

5. Hail. Metrically equivalent to a dissyllable (Gr. 484). 6. Say the knowledge. Tell what you know. Say often tell. Cf. Cymb. iv. 2. 376: "say his name ;" C. of E. i. I. 29: 'say, in brief, the

cause," etc.

Broil. Battle; as often in S. Cf. 1 Hen. IV. í. 1. 3, 47 ; Cor. iii. 2. 81; Oth. i. 3. 87, etc.

7. On the measure, see Gr. 506.

9. Choke their art. "That is, drown each other by rendering their skill in swimming useless" (C. P. ed.). Cf. Mark, v. 13.

Mardonwald. The reading of 1st folio; the others have "Macdonnel." Holinshed calls him "Macdowald.'

10. To that. To that end. Gr. 186. him for that rebel's trade" (Moberly).

"His multiplied villainies fit

11. Mr. Fleay thinks that this line is Shakespeare's, retained by Middleton when he substituted this scene for the original one.

13. Of kerns and gallowglasses. Of with; as often. See Gr. 171. Kerns were light-armed soldiers. See Rich. II. p. 175, note on Rugheaded kerns. Gallowglasses were heavy-armed troops. Cf. 2 Hen. VI. iv. 9. 26: "Of gallowglasses and stout kerns." S. takes both words from Holinshed (see p. 137). Cf. v. 7. 17 below. See also Drayton, Heroical Epist.:

"Bruce now shall bring his Redshanks from the seas,
From the isled Orcads and the Hebrides;
And to his western havens give free pass
To land the Kerne and Irish Galliglasse."

14. Quarrel. Johnson's emendation for the " quarry " of the early

eds. As the word occurs in Holinshed's relation of this very fact, it is probably the right one, but many editors retain quarry. K. says: "We have it in the same sense in Cor. i. 1. 202; the damned quarry' being the doomed army of kerns and gallowglasses, who, although Fortune deceitfully smiled on them, fled before the sword of Macbeth and became his quarry-his prey."

For quarrel in this sense (=cause or occasion of a quarrel) cf. Bacon, Essay 8: "So as a Man may have a Quarrell to marry, when he will;' Latimer, Sermon on Christmas Day: "to live and die in God's quarrel," Cf. iv. 3. 137: 66 our warranted quarrel."

etc.

15. Show'd. Appeared. Cf. M. of V. iv. 1. 196:

"And earthly power doth then show likest God's
When mercy seasons justice."

"The meaning is that Fortune, while she smiled on him, deceived him " (Malone).

19. Minion. Favourite, darling. It is the French mignon. Cf. Temp. iv. 1. 98: "Mars's hot minion ;" and see note, Temp. p. 136.

21. Which. As D. remarks, if this is the right word, it is equivalent to who. Gr. 265. Probably there is some corruption of the text. Capell's emendation of "And ne'er" is adopted by Sr. and D. (2d ed.). "As the text stands, the meaning is, Macdonwald did not take leave of, nor bid farewell to, his antagonist till Macbeth had slain him" (C. P. ed.).

22. Nave. Navel. Warb. suggested "nape." Steevens cites Nash, Dido (1594): "Then from the navel to the throat at once He ript old Priam."

24. Cousin. Macbeth and Duncan were both grandsons of King Malcolm.

25. Gins. The 1st folio has "'gins" here (and “gin” in v. 5. 49), the other folios "gins." In every other instance in which gins or gan occurs in the 1st folio (Temp. iii. 3. 106; Cor. ii. 2. 119; 2 Hen. IV. i. 1. 129; Ham. i. 5. 90; Cymb. ii. 3. 22, v. 3. 37, v. 5. 197) the apostrophe is omitted. Nares says, under gin: "Usually supposed to be a contraction of begin,