.-No middle of a word, as Nottinham; sometimes not at the end, as somethin, comin. c. Gairn, a garden. "A hop-gairn;" "a gairn that is, a plantation of hops; pot; that is, an earthen flower-pot. c. Galdiment, a great fright. Exm. A gelt Gale, an old bull castrated. c. bull, an ox, a bull-stag. D. Dean Milles. Gale-headed fellow, a heavy-headed stupid man. D. Gale-ey ground, ground where springs rise in diferent places. c. Goiley ground. id. D. Galinics, galinas, or guinea fowls. "The galinics be got all among the lucifer" that is, the galinas are in the field of lucern. c. Gallibagger, a bugbear. N. D. frighten. D. Gallies, galliers, a confused noise among a number of people; a romping bout. This is the galliers;" this is confusion indeed. 66 C. Galliganting. N. D. Gambadoes, a pair of. They are made of stiff leather, and a wooden footboard, closed over the foot towards the horse, and on each side; open on the side distant from the horse. They are buckled on, and descend from the sad. dle on each side of the horse, protecting the foot and leg from dirt. They have been much out of use since turnpike roads were made. From the stiffness of , published in the papers. C. Geed, gave. D. Gove, gave. c. Geowering, quarrelling, [a Teut. gherran, rixari.] "Geowering and maunder ing all the day;" that is, scolding and grumbling. N. D. Exm. Gerred, (for gorred) dirty, bedaubed. Gerrick, the gar-fish, or seapike. c. D. Gilly, Julia. c. Thus gilly-flower for July-flower. N. D. Giroflier, (Ital.) garafolo, (Græc.) napupunov. See Primit. p. 348. Ginged, bewitched. Gint, joint. N. D. C. Girt is a corGirts, oatmeal. D. C. ruption of groat. And groat is the oat with the husk off, which we call the But we call oatmeal girts; skilled out. that is, groats. c. Girty-milk, milk-porridge in the eastern counties. C. the leather, they acted likewise as de-N works of this kind pastoral poetry fensive armour to the foot and leg, from the rubbing of crooks and crubs, which were before very dangerous in narrow roads. D. Gameleg. c. has generally taken the lead, from erroneous opinion entertained by many, that it was the first kind of poetry with which mankind became acquainted. Its tendency to celebrate rural scenes Gammerels, the lower hams, or the and the common objects of nature, have small of the leg. Gapesee, any sight inducing idle people to gaze. p. Gapesness, a raree shew, a strange sight."Fit only for a gapesness;" that is, fit only to be stared at, us some unCommon being. Exm. Gaver, the sea cray-fish. c. Gaver-hale, the jack-snipe, or judcock. In the Cornish language, the literal meaning of gaverhale is the moor-goat; more applicable to the large snipe which chat ters as it rises; and falling with a very quick motion, makes a noise like a Zid. c. induced several critics to consider it as were were merely so many episodes, or pauses, in the principal action, where the poet was allowed to interrupt his narrative, and enliven it by the various graces of poetry. It was amid the brilliancy of courts, and in the bustle of society, that pastorals assumed their present forin, It was under Ptolemy Philadelphus that Theocritus wrote his Idyllia; it was in the splendid æra of Augustus, that Virgil penned his Bucolics. There is hardly any species of poetry less in favour among the moderns, because there is not one so absolutely foreign to our manners and taste. This is not al together the fault of the subject, which, like most others, is good when exhibited with correctness and truth, and is capable of affording considerable pleasure to the reader. There are few subjects perhaps more favourable to poetry. Nature herself presents the most ample field for description; and nothing appears to flow more of its own accord into poetical numbers, than rivers and mountains, meadows and hills, flocks and trees, and shepherds devoid of care. But this pleasing view of the country and its inhabitants, is not verified by our own ob. servation; the genuine models of pastoral life have never been palpable to our senses. It is only in climates peculiarly favoured by nature, under a sky serene and clear, and where the peaceful natives are blessed with contentment and ease, that the inhabitants of villages can be said to resemble, in any degree, the shepherds of Theocritus and Virgil. This resemblance might be found, even at a late period, in the island of Sicily, if it be true that the peasants were accustomed to excrcise themselves in musical contests, particularly upon the flute. This would prove that pastoral poetry had a more natural foundation than merely the imagination of poets. In general, descriptive poetry is the faithful copyist of surrounding objects; and that of ancient Greece had, no doubt, purer models than the miserable peasantry who now cover so large a portion of Europe. In every age, the fancy of a poct may have embellished whatever he touched; but the object must have struck him before he thought of adorning it. If not so graceful and alluring as his fancy drew it, there was at least something of nature left. There may have been periods in society where peasants were gay and artless, living in a state equally distant from refinement and grossness. Our modern bucolics, indeed, can have no such foundation, they are evidently copied from the ancients, and professedly works of fiction. We have never bebeld a Corydon or Tyrcis: but such may have existed in Greece and Italy. A tastė for song and poetry was common even among shepherds. In countries such as Arcadia, the boasted seat of pastoral, this taste was general; it sprang from the soil, and was the happy gift of nature. It is from the too glaring want of re semblance to living manners, that pastoral poetry has rarely met with success in modern times; and has, not unfrequently, been the subject of parody and ridicule. The tame elegance of Phillips, and the suavity of Pope, cannot always satisfy the reader, who looks in vain for the happy innocence and rural felicity which they so gratuitously describe. Sweetness of versification and purity of expression may constitute the merit of a poet, but they are absolutely wasted upon a subject so little usceptible of novelty, variety, or truth of character. This renders it of all others the most difficult and ungrateful. The poet cannot be expected to delineate the manners of the peasantry, such as they now are. Their condition is mean, servile, and laborious; their employments often disgusting, their ideas generally upon a level with their station. He is reduced to the necessity of closely copying the language, senti ments, and imagery, of the ancient pas torals, which, from their frequent repetition, are become trite and insipid; or, what is infinitely more absurd, to the ease, innocence, and simplicity, of the early ages, he adds the polished taste and cultivated manners of modern times. Into one or other of these extremes, modern pastorals have invariably wandered, Hence it is, that this kind of poetry has generally been the employment of young and inexperienced minds. At a maturer age, the barren and fruitless path has been deserted for works of higher dignity and more permanent merit. We are willing to admit, however, that pastoral poetry is a species of composition which may be rendered both uatural and a recable. Considered as a work of fiction, so far at least as the cha -racters are concerned, we see no solid * Dr. Martyn, in his preface to the Eclogues of Virgil, describes Arcadia as a country "mountainous, and almost inaccessible;" which seems to favour the idea, that its an. cient inhabitants exclusively devoted themselves to pastoral amusements. reason the unexpected successes or misfortunes of families, might give occasion to many a pleasing and tender incident; and were more of the narrative and sentimental intermixed with the descriptive in this kind of poetry, it would become much more interesting than it now generally is to the bulk of readers."* Thus diversified and improved, it would become in time the most pleasing of all poetical attempts; for it would conse nearer to nature than most others. The Idylls of Gesner are a proof that a modern pastoral, founded upon some pathetic story, enriched with sentiment, and embellished by a style elegant without being too refined, may not only be endured, but even read with delight. BION AND MOSCHUS. It is an additional proof that pastorals were not cultivated till at a very late period, when almost every other species of poetry had been successfully tried, that we have no account, or at least have not the works, of any poet who, in the earlier ages, had directed his attention exclusively to them. Bion, Moschus, and Theocritus, all of them wrote during the reigns, and the two latter were patronized by the Ptolemies, of Egypt. reason why it may not be made to afford Of Bion, our very scanty notice must such poets as Homer and Bion, and after- transformed into honey. He was certainly a cotemporary of Theocritus, and lived about 300 years B. C. Moschus, from whom all our knowledge of Bion is derived, has left us no memorial of himself, excepting what relates to his connection with the other. We are told that the uncommon sweetness of Bion's numbers attracted several admirers, among whom Moschus principally distinguished himself. He was a native of Sicily, and, according to Suidas, was for some time a teacher of grammar at Syracuse. But he appears to have written his epitaph on Bion during his residence in Italy. Suidas also represents him as the friend of Aristarchus, the celebrated critic, whose death is placed in the year 157 B. C. But this account would appear to be contradicted by the same elegy on Bion, where Moschus describes himself as the cotemporary of Theocritus, who flourished some years before the critic of Alexandria; unless indeed we assume, with Heskin, that Moschus, when young, may have seen Theocritus in his old age, and himself lived long enough to witness the rising faine of Aristarchus. We know nothing of the subsequent life or death of Moschus. It is not a little singular, that for some time Theocritus and Moschus were considered as one and the same person. "The prodigious credit of Theocritus, (says Kennet,§) in the pastoral way, enabled him not only to engross the fame of his rivals, but their works too." Hein sius conjectures that in the time of the later Grecians, all the ancient idylliums were formed together into one collection, and the name of Theocritus prefixed to the whole volume.¶__ And thus they appeared in the Aldine edition, printed at * Πῶς τοῦ τοῖς χείλεσσι πολέδραμε κακ ἐγλυκάνθη ; Τις δὲ βρεθὸς τοσῶτον αναμερών, ή κεράων 10.2 Η δῆναι καλέων τυι φάρμακον, ἔκφυγεν ὧδαν. + See Heskin's short account of Bion and Moschus, prefixed to his edition. Sed tamen conciliari possunt et Moschus et Suidas, si pro concesso sumamus, Moschum juvenem Ionem Theocritum vidisse, ipsum autem Ionem Aristarchum juvenem vidisse Heskin. Part 2, p. 77. Dan. Heins in Theoc. Kennet quotes an epigram from the Anthologia as made upon this occasion. But Stobaeus, a Greek writer of the fifth century, had already rejected some of the smaller idylliums as not belonging to Theocritus. 1 Venice in 1594. But Moschus has sufficiently established his own identity is the same elegy on the death of Bion, al ready mentioned; where he introduces Theocritus bewailing the same misfortune in another country, (either Egypt or Si cily) which he himself was lamenting in Italy. Bion and Moschus, however, have been always united: and such is the same ness of style, sentiment, and imagery, in both, that the same observations will apply equally to the bucolics of the one, and to the idylliums of the other. Their language is pure and correct, always in the higher style of pastoral, that is, un mixed with any of the low ideas and colloquial terms which occasionally of fend us in Theocritus. The thoughts are frequently ingenious and delicate; but the general strain is monotonous, and absolutely divested of variety. There is besides an appearance of affectation and art, which makes us doubt if they sur veyed the face of nature with the enraptured eye of genuine poets. Avoiding rusticity and plainness, they are more uniformly elegant than their great cotemporary, but with less of nature and sensibility. Their subjects indeed not requiring, like his, the direct talk and conversation of shepherds, they are excusable for having bestowed a greater share of grace and elegance, so long as the original simplicity is not destroyed. might extend this comparison farther; but stop here, that we may not encroach too much upon the subject of Theocritus, which we reserve for the next number. We We cannot conclude, however, without pointing out to the reader of sensibi. “ lity, the beautiful elegy by Moschus upon the death of Bion, which is highly finished throughout. A strain of mournful sweetness pervades the whole, that renders it irresistibly affecting. As specimens of peculiar beauty, we refer to the passage beginning thus: Αϊλινὰ μοι συναχείτε νάπαι και Δώριον ύδωρ Ye Dorian fountains murmur as ye flow; From weeping urns your copious sorrows shed, And bid the rivers mourn for Bion dead. And a little lower, the passage beginning with these lines: "Αρχείο Σικελικαὶ τῷ πενθεῦν ἄρχετε Μοίσαι Αδονες, αἱ συκινοίσιν οδυρομέναι πολύ φυλλο Νάμασι τους Σικελοις, Begin, Begin, Sicilian muse, begin your mournful strain : Ye nightingales that perch among the sprays, Nor verse, nor music, could his life prolong; Bion and Moschus, -Ursini, subjoined to Carmina 9 8vo. -Hen. Stephani, (with Theocritus,) 12mo. 1579. Plantini, (with Callimachus,)12mio. 1584. Muschus, Bion, and Theocritus, mean time, the duke Wlodomir, having Gr. and Lat. 410. Brug. Hand: Halicz and Wlodomir belonged to the- Bion and Moschus, Ab Heskin, 8vo. Oxon, 1748, a A. Schwebelio, 8vo. Venet. 1746. -A. Wakefield, 12mo. Lond. 1795. For the Monthly Magazine. An ACCOUNT of the UKRAINE; extracted in part from MALTE-BRUN's late Pic ture of POLAND. IN (Continued from p. 341, No. 198.) Nascending towards the south, at the foot of the Karpathian mountains we find Red Russia, which now forms the greatest part of eastern Gallitzia. The Poles simply called it Russia, and gave the inhabitants the name of Russinia, or Rusniaques, in opposition to Roszienie, or Moscowall, who are the inhabitants of the Russian empire. However, according to the vulgar opinion, the name of Russia was extended even to those provinces, by colonies who came from Kiow previous to the ninth century. The sons of the great prince Isaslaw formed several principalities, amongst others those of Halicz, and of Wlodimir, from the end of that century: in 1084, Ladislas, king of Hungary, made himself master of a great part of Red Russia. Casimir, duke of Poland, drove duke Wlodimir from Halicz in 1182, and gave the duchy first to Miczi slaw, and afterwards in 1185 to Roma nus, duke of Wlodimir. The duke of Italicz took refuge with Bela III. king of Hungary, who kept him confined in prison, and at the entreaties of the inhabitants of the principality of Halicz, who were averse to the usurper Romanus, sent his second son Andrew with an army to take possession for him. In the MONTHLY MAG. No: 199. Hungarian kings Ladislas IV. and Louis the Fat: this latter in 1852 ceded Red Russia to Casimir, king of Poland, on condition, that if Casimir should happen to have heirs male, he should pay to Hungary a sum of 100,000 florins; and; on the contrary, Hungary, at his death, should have nothing to pay for Red Russia, but that Poland should belong to Louis the Fat. This latter incident took place in 1370; and in 1882, Louis having died without other issue than two daughters, Maria, the eldest, was crowned queen of Ilungary, and Hedwiga; the youngest, queen of Poland. The first married Sigismond; the second, at the instigation of her husband Jagellon, divided Red Russia and Podolia from Hungary, both which, till 1772, reinäined to Poland; so that the kings of Hungary should only bear the arms and titles of Gallicia and Lodomiria: at last the empress queen, Maria Theresa, rêpurchased the right over the two countries she took possession in 1772, but in place of uniting them afresh to Hungary, according to the requisition of the states of the kingdom, the policy of the Austrian government induced her to form them into a separate kingdom. The frontiers of Gallicia and Lodoš miria were extended as far as possible and besides the two, palatinates of Red Russia and Belźk, Austria took all the districts of Little Poland between the Vistula and the Sann, as well as some parcels of Wolhynia and Podolia. The provinces thus dismembered, received the title of the kingdom of There is no Gallicia and Lodomiria. distinction of the countries which should be comprised under either of those names: the whole of these new posses sons were organised and considered as |