Early American Naturalists: Exploring the American West, 1804-1900This historical work chronicles the lives, adventures, and discoveries of America's great explorer/naturalists--Lewis & Clark, Martha Maxwell, John James Audubon, John Muir, William Gambel, Thomas Say, Robert Kennicott and John Townsend. Regardless of the formidable obstacles and travails, these naturalist-explorers provided an invaluable scientific foundation as to how the plants, animals, and environment of the American West coexist. From identifying new species to discovering prehistoric fossils, this book celebrates these intrepid trailblazers who boldly navigated and documented the untrammeled, awe-inspiring frontier west of the Mississippi. |
Contents
The Early Naturalists | 1 |
TRAVELING IN THE WILD LANDS | 7 |
Lewis and Clark Enthusiastic Amateurs | 9 |
Peter Curtis and the Red River Expedition | 29 |
Thomas Nuttall and the Wilderness Collectors | 48 |
Thomas Say and Edwin James The Long Expedition | 69 |
Visitors from Europe | 89 |
COLLECTORS AND INTERPRETERS | 109 |
On the Field before the Great War | 136 |
Collecting the West | 160 |
THE NEW NATURALISTS | 169 |
Martha Maxwell and Her Museum | 171 |
John Muir and the New Naturalists | 187 |
Digging Up Bones | 201 |
The New Enthusiastic Amateurs | 217 |
| 227 | |
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Common terms and phrases
amateur American west artist Asa Gray Audubon became Benjamin Smith Barton biological birds bones botanical botanist buffalo Burroughs California Captain catfish Charles collect plants collectors Colorado Columbia River Coues Dana David Douglas described Despite discovered discoveries Edward Cope encountered eventually Feilner field fishes flora and fauna fossils Freeman fur trappers grizzly Hayden interest James Jefferson John Muir John Torrey journal Kennicott lands later Leidy Lewis and Clark Long expedition Long's mammals maps Marsh Martha Maxwell Maximilian Meriwether Lewis miles Missouri River museum named natural history Natural Sciences naturalist nineteenth century North America Nuttall's ornithologist Pacific paintings paleontology party Peale Peale's Peter Custis Philadelphia plants and animals published Rafinesque Red River returned scientific scientists ships Smithsonian Institution specimens Spencer Baird Stephen Long Stewart survey taxidermy Thomas Nuttall Thomas Say tion Titian Peale took Townsend traveled tribes trip U.S. Exploring Expedition western Wilkes Woodhouse wrote