The detectives, a group of 63 men, rate lowest in the entire department. There are less than 5 per cent. in the superior grades, and about 23 per cent. are high average, while 70 per cent. are either average, low average, or inferior.

A further comparison of these divisions of police is shown in Table 3, page 67, and in Diagrams 2 and 3, by comparing their median scores and the range of scores of the high, middle, and low third of each division. The median scores of the officers varies between 95 and 98. These are high scores in the high average grade of intelligence. The patrolmen have a median of 67, which falls in the average grade of intelligence, while the detectives are the lowest of the divisions, with a median of 59.

At present the detectives are ranking, as far as salary is concerned, with the lieutenants, but a comparison of these two groups shows that the lieutenants have 37 per cent. of representatives in the superior grades of intelligence, as opposed to 4.8 per cent. of the detectives, and only 23.9 per cent. in the average and low average grades, as compared with 71.4 per cent. of the detectives. The lieutenants' median falls at 95, while the detectives' is 59. Furthermore, the low third of the lieutenants has a higher range of scores than the middle third of the detectives.

When compared with the results obtained from the recent draft army, there is, of course, a very small percentage (3.6 per cent.) of men in the police department who rate in the inferior grades of intelligence in which the lowest 25 per cent. of the men in the draft army were classified. The men of the police department group themselves closely about the average grade of intelligence, and the medians of the patrolmen are about identical with the medians of the draft army. With the exception of the officers, there is a smaller percentage of representatives in the police department in the superior grades of intelligence than were found in the draft army. The detectives have no representatives in the very superior grade of intelligence, a classification secured by 4.5 per cent. of the draft army, and only three individuals of the detectives have superior intelligence, as opposed to 9 per cent. of the draft. As a whole, however, the police department ranks somewhat higher than the majority of the men of the draft. This is evident in its somewhat larger percentage of representatives of high average intelligence.

Table 4, page 68, shows a distribution of intelligence ratings of patrolmen according to the date of entry into the police department. There is very little difference in the ratings of the first year groups, who entered between 1895-1919. There is a slight decrease with length of service, much of which may be attributed to the deterioration of in

Diagram 2.—Median scores, Cleveland police department.

98

95

99

Mounted

Training school

Vice squad

Patrolmen

Detectives

Traffic police

Diagram 3.-Range of scores between first and third quartiles of Cleveland police department. (The median scores are indicated by the cross lines.)

creasing age. The table also shows that the men who entered during the present year, 1921, have a considerably higher percentage of men of superior intelligence. The war year, 1918, produced no men either of superior or of inferior intelligence. All of the entrants in that year rate in the average classes of intelligence.

APPENDIX VI

INTELLIGENCE SURVEY OF THE CLEVELAND WORKHOUSE

A

BY E. K. WICKMAN

Psychologist, Division of the Criminologist, Illinois

N INTELLIGENCE survey of the workhouse of Cleveland, Ohio, was made in connection with the survey of the Administration of Justice, to illustrate some of the results which may be obtained by mental studies. The population of this institution was about 450 men, of whom about one-fifth were examined by the use of the Army Alpha Intelligence Examination. This one-fifth was chosen by assembling the men in single file and selecting every fifth man in line for examination. To this group were added all of the men who were at the workhouse on federal charges, and also the group of men called "long termers." One hundred and twenty-six men were thus assembled for the examination; of these, 32 were illiterate and were unable to take the examination, insofar as they claimed to be unable to read and write, and one other man was unable to take the examination because of poor vision.

Records were thus secured on 93 of the men, of whom 44 (47 per cent.) were native-born whites, 32 (34 per cent.) were negroes, and 13 (14 per cent.) were foreign born. Four men did not indicate birth or race.

The distribution of intelligence ratings as secured by the army Alpha examination is given in Table 5.

The literate native-born white group who took the examination fall mostly in the average grades of intelligence, but about 15 per cent. of them are inferior. The army statistics show about 14 per cent. inferior in this group of native-born whites. There are, however, only about 4 per cent. in the superior groups, as opposed to 15 per cent. in the army.

Of the negroes, 61 per cent. fall in the inferior groups of intelligence as opposed to 43 per cent. in the army.

The average rating for the white prisoners fall in the "C" or average group of intelligence, as it also did in the army, while the average for the negro prisoners falls in the "D" or inferior group, while the army average was "C-" or low average group.