as the use of proper filing cases and a store-room for supplies. A good system of accounting should be installed.

3. Household art, physiology, hygiene, dressmaking, millinery, and kitchen gardening should be the basic subjects for instruction.

4. A matron should be engaged for all-night duty, and additional officers employed for day duty in the school.

5. The windows of the cellar and the first floor should be made secure against intrusion from without. Girls should be permitted to go to work outside of the institution only when accompanied by a responsible and capable woman officer of the girls' school.

6. The present building should be moved to a proper location as soon as possible, and upon the new site one additional modern cottage should be erected to accommodate the girls who cannot be sent there.

now.

T

CHAPTER III

PROBATION

|HE city of Cleveland employs probation officers in the Municipal and Cuyahoga County employs them in the Juvenile Court. Probation work in Common Pleas Court is supposed to be performed by parole officers attached to the State Reformatory at Mansfield and the penitentiary in Columbus. While a detailed study of the work of the State Parole Department did not fall within the scope of this survey, it is obvious that the small staff of officers attached to these two State institutions is overwhelmed with parole work and can give little time to probation work in the various counties. The Common Pleas judges in Cleveland have for a long time recognized that they cannot depend upon the parole officers of the State to conduct the painstaking investigations which the modern probation system requires. As a consequence, these judges are attempting to settle cases in advance through the imposition of sentences or by change of disposition. No matter how well intentioned the judge, the fact that he changes his dispositions so frequently in itself has a tendency to lower respect for the courts as impartial tribunals, for to the ordinary criminal a favorable change of disposition means that the court or some officer has been "seen." This attitude of offenders must be appreciated in planning a proper correctional system for Cleveland.

Municipal Court judges observe this tendency of the Common Pleas courts and have pushed it to absurd extremes. The number of cases municipal judges have to handle, the speed required, and all of the conditions surrounding the courts are productive of results which are unworthy of Cleveland. Other branches of this survey have observed in detail how cases are handled. We have confined ourselves to a study of the results of their work as these are reflected in the disposition of cases sent to the Warrensville workhouse. A portion of the results of this study are summarized in Tables 3 and 4 and graphic comparisons of the figures in the tables are presented in Diagrams 1 and 2, the former illustrating material in Table 3 and the latter the material in Table 4.

This analysis indicates clearly that Cleveland courts are attempting to perform not only the services of a court, but also those of a well

TABLE 3.-ANALYSIS OF SENTENCES TERMINATED DURING THE MONTHS OF JANUARY, FEBRUARY, AND MARCH, 1920, CLASSIFIED BY THE KIND OF SENTENCE IMPOSED BY THE COURT

TABLE 4.-ANALYSIS OF SENTENCES TERMINATED DURING THE MONTHS OF JULY, AUGUST, AND SEPTEMBER, 1920, CLASSIFIED BY THE KIND OF SENTENCE IMPOSED BY THE COURT

conducted correctional system. The frequency with which fines are resorted to, the relatively large number of sentences terminated by court. order, and the kind and length of sentences imposed indicate that the

municipal courts have made dispositions of cases which, under all circumstances prevailing, place a serious check upon the development of a modern correctional system. This is brought out even more strikingly by Tables 5 and 6, which indicate the quotient of the fine plus costs

Diagram 1.-How the sentences of 626 prisoners received at the Workhouse during January, February, and March, 1920, were terminated. The black portions of the columns represent sentences which consisted only of fines and costs

divided by 60 cents per day, which is the common rate utilized for computing fines into days where prisoners do not pay their fines.

These tables show that 258, or 40.12 per cent., of these cases expired in sixty days or less, and that practically 293, or 46.80 per cent., expired in six months or less. These analyses, and the other studies made during the course of this survey, indicate the crying need for a thoroughly

modern and efficient city probation department. It is our conclusion that judges of municipal courts could further the development of such

Diagram 2.-How the sentences of 696 prisoners received at the Workhouse during July, August, and September, 1920, were terminated. The black portions of the columns represent sentences which consisted only of fines and costs.

a modern department by refusing to impose sentence without adequate information and demanding that the city provide a probation system which would furnish them with information to be utilized in making