Philosophy, first at King's College, Aberdeen, and afterwards at Glasgow, where he succeeded Adam Smith. His Inquiry into the Human Mind (1764) was directed against the ideal system, and the scepticism of Hume. In 1785 he published his Essays on the Intellectual Powers, and in 1788 his Essays on the Active Power of the Human Mind.

DR. THOMAS BROWN (1778–1820), who properly belongs to the next century, is mentioned here on account of his close connection with Reid and Stewart. He succeeded the latter in the chair of Modern Philosophy at Edinburgh in 1810. As a philosopher he was distinguished by the power of analysis. He was also the author of several poems which are now forgotten.

HISTORIANS AND SCHOLARS.

LORD LYTTELTON (1709–1773), the first lord of this title, and Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1756, is the author of a History of Henry II. (1764–1767), a | work of learning and research, but is perhaps best known by his Observations on the Conversion of St. Paul. His poetry has gained for him a place in Johnson's Lives, but it is of slender merit.

THOMAS CARTE (1686-1754), the author of a History of England, coming down to 1654, and a Life of the Duke of Ormond, was a strong Jacobite in politics.

DR. CONYERS MIDDLETON (1683-1750), librarian of the University of Cambridge, and one of the opponents of the celebrated Bentley. Indeed, he is said to have been the only adversary whom Bentley really feared. When the latter was deprived of his degree by the University, Middleton addressed to him a letter entitled "The Rev. Richard Bentley, late D. D." Middleton is now best known for his Life of Cicero — a work of research, and written in an elegant and perspicuous style; but he also wrote several works on ecclesiastical history. His Free Inquiry into the Miraculous Powers possessed by the Christian Church advocates many of the views adopted by what is called the school of the modern Rationalists.

LORD HERVEY (1696-1743), the author of Memoirs of the Reign of George II., published first in 1848, under the editorship of Mr. Croker. Hervey was in constant attendance upon Queen Caroline, the wife of George II., was a friend of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, and the object of Pope's severest satire, by the name of Sporus.

The Universal History, in 23 vols., was completed in 1760, under the care of Bower, Campbell, William Guthrie, and Psalmanazar. Goldsmith wrote a preface for it, and received three guineas for the task.

lished a History of Great Britain, which was popular in its day. It extended to the reign of Henry VIII., and treated at some extent, with the internal events, the manners and customs of the people.

DR. POTTER (1674-1747), born at Wakefield in Yorkshire, educated at University College, Oxford, Archbishop of Canterbury, best known for his work on the Antiquities of Greece, which was for a long time the chief authority on the subject.

BASIL KENNETT (1674-1714) was educated at Oxford, and became English chaplain at Leghorn; is known for his work on Roman Antiquities.

RICHARD PORSON (1759-1808), was born in Norfolk, of humble parents, but became one of the greatest Greek scholars of the country, and in 1790 was appointed Greek Professor at Cambridge. Besides his well-known contributions to classical literature, Porson deserves a place in English literature, on account of the admirable style of his Letters to Archdeacon Travis (1790) upon the disputed verse in 1 John v. 7. His Adversaria were published after his death by Monk and Blomfield.

JOHN LOUIS DE LOLME (1740-1806), published in 1775 a work on the Constitution of England. It was of value and an authority in its day, but is now supplanted by more modern works. Its interest to the student of English literature arises from the ease and skill with which a native of Geneva wrote our language.

MRS. CATHARINE MACAULAY (1733-1791), the wife of a physician, called by Walpole "the henbrood of faction," was the authoress of the celebrated Republican History of England during the Stuart Dynasty. This work received considerable attention at the time. It is of no great historical value, but the style is vigorous and popular. Mrs. Macaulay crossed the Atlantic and had an interview with George Washington. She even ventured to measure her strength against Burke, and attacked his work on the French Revolution.

WILLIAM ROSCOE (1753-1831) was born in Liverpool, and spent his early years at the desk of an attorney. In 1806 he was chosen member of Parliament, but soon retired from public life, and steadily refused all applications which were made him to return. In 1796 he published The Life of Lorenzo de Medici, which was one of the most popular works of the day. The style was easy, graceful, and pleasing. Leo X., which was published in 1805, did not attain the same popularity. There were questions of a most delicate nature to be discussed; the reformation presented points of deepest interest to Papist and to Protestant, and the historian had to guard against offending either party.

NATHANIEL HOOKE (d. 1764), a Roman Cath

JACOB BRYANT (1715-1804), secretary to the Duke of Marlborough, who gave him a lucrative place in the Ordnance Office, was the author of several works on classical and mythological subjects. His fancy carried him often too far in paradox and speculation, but he established and defended his theories with great ingenuity and research. His leading works were A New System or Analysis of Ancient Mythology, 1774-76; On the Plain of Troy, 1795; and On the Trojan War, 1796.

GILBERT WAKEFIELD (1756–1801), a well-known writer on divinity, and a classical scholar. He left the church from Unitarian views, and published a translation of the New Testament, and a work on the Evidences of Christianity, in answer to Paine. He was found guilty of libel in his reply to the Bishop of Llandaff in defence of the revolution in France, and imprisoned for two years. He was a hasty but honest man, "as violent against Greek accents as he was against the Trinity, and anathematized the final v as strongly as episcopacy."

DR. GILBERT STUART (1742-1786), born in Edinburgh, was an active writer in the Reviews, in which he attacked many of his contemporaries with extreme bitterness. He wrote a History of the Reformation of Religion in Scotland, and a History of Scotland, in which he vehemently attacks Rob

ertson.

JOHN PINKERTON (1758-1826), born in Edinburgh, a laborious and learned writer, the author of numerous works, among which may be mentioned a History of Scotland, Modern Geography, Voyages and Travels, &c.

MISCELLANEOUS WRITERS

PHILIP DORMER STANHOPE, EARL OF CHER. TERFIELD (1694-1773), was one of the most accomplished men in the Court of the Georges, but his only lasting contribution to literature is his Letters containing advice to his son. The style is agreeable, but the moral tone is low; Dr. Johnson said it taught the morals of a courtesan and the manners of a dancing-master; but something of this severi⭑must be set down to the relation which subsisted between Johnson and Chesterfield. The speeches, essays, &c., with memoir of Chesterfield, were published by Dr. Maty, in 1774. The copyright of Chesterfield's Letters realized 15007., and in the year succeeding their publication five editions were distributed.

THOMAS AMORY (1692 1789), a native of Ireland, was educated as a physict: n, and resided in Westminster. As a writer he is humorous, but pedantic. His chief works were-Memoirs, containing the Lives of several Ladies of Great Britain, 1755; and the Life of John Buncle, Esq., 1756-66. This last is in the form of an autobiography, full of humor, quotation, and thought, reminding the reader of Burton's quaint work.

SIR WILLIAM JONES (1746-1794), a celebrated Oriental scholar, and the author of many works in various branches of literature, was the son of a

The History of Manchester, and Vindication of Mary Queen of Scots, by JOHN WHITAKER (17351808), deserve a passing mention.

REV. JAMES GRANGER'S (d. 1776) Biographical History of England, which was continued by Noble, may still be consulted with advantage.

JAMES MACPHERSON (1738-1796), mentioned in the next chapter in connection with the poems of Ossian (p. 394), appeared as an historian and defender of the Tories in his History of Great Britain from the Restoration to the Accession of the House of Hanover, 1775, a work of some value from the private history which it reveals.

LORD HAILES, SIR DAVID DALRYMPLE (17261792), was a well-known lawyer and judge, a man of great erudition, and author of Annals of Scotland, published in 1776, and other legal and historical works.

Robertson's History of Charles V. was continued by ROBERT WATSON (d. 1780), Professor of Logic at St. Andrew's, in a History of Philip II., a work of no merit.

DR. WILLIAM RUSSELL (1741-1793), born at Selkirk, the author of a history of Modern Europe, which is now superseded by Mr. Dyer's.

MALCOLM LAING (1762-1818), born in Orkney, which he represented for some time in Parliament, wrote a History of Scotland, from the Union of the Crowns on the accession of James VI. to the throne

cated at Harrow, and University College, Oxford, was called to the bar in 1774, and was appointed in 1783 a judge of the Supreme Court at Calcutta, where he died in 1794, after a residence of eleven years. He was one of the first Europeans who studied Sanskrit, and he contributed many valuable papers to the "Asiatic Researches." While in India he translated from the Sanskrit Sacuntalâ, a dramatic poem by Kalidasa, and the Hitopadėsa, a collection of fables. He has obtained a place among the English poets on account of two small volumes of poems, containing a few original pieces, and several translations from the Eastern writers. JOHN HORNE TOOKE (1736-1812) was born in London, son of a poulterer named Horne. He received his education at Westminster, Eton, and St. John's, Cambridge. He entered the church, but threw himself into the great political struggles of those days, and wrote in 1765 in favor of Wilkes. In 1773 he resigned his preferment in the church, in order to study for the bar, but the benchers refused to call him because he was a clergyman. Tooke, of Purley, whose name he afterwards adopted, left him his fortune. In 1794 he was tried for high treason, and was defended by Erskine. In 1796 he was returned to Parliament as member for Westminster, and again in 1801 for Sarum. The declining years of his life were passed at Wimbledon, a literary retreat, whither friends often resorted to enjoy the hospitality, humor, and philosophy of

Mr.

the hale and witty old man. He wrote The Diversions of Purley, 1786-1805, a series of dialogues upon language. He reduces all parts of speech to nouns and verbs. The book should be carefully consulted by every student of the English language, but many of the etymologies are fanciful and far-fetched.

DR. JOHN LANGHORNE (1735–1779) was born in Westmoreland, and held a living in Somersetshire. He was a preacher of some popularity, and author of some tales and poems, and with his brother published a translation of Plutarch's Lives.

DR. RICHARD FARMER (1735-1797), Master of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, published in 1766 an Essay on the Learning of Shakspeare, which discussed with some skill the historic and classic authorities of the great dramatist.

Another celebrated Shakspearian critic was GEORGE STEEVENS (1736-1800), who was joint editor with Johnson of the edition of Shakspeare published in 1773. He afterwards remodelled the text, and brought out a new edition in 1793, in which he took great liberties with the text.

The chief rival of Steevens was EDMOND MALONE (1741-1812), who had previously contributed some notes to Steevens's earlier edition of Shakspeare, but brought out one of his own in 1790. His posthumous edition was published by Boswell in 1821, in wenty-one volumes. Malone had not Steevens's ability, but was a more cautious editor, and paid more respect to the text of the first folio.

During the latter part of the eighteenth century some of the most interesting English travels were published. The chief writers were, —

LORD MACARTNEY (1737-1806) and SIR GEORGE L. STAUNTON (1737-1801), whose mission to China was narrated in two interesting works, Macartney's Journal and Staunton's Account of the Embassy.

The two greatest names, however, are those of JAMES BRUCE (1730-1794), who penetrated far into Abyssinia and Central Africa in search of the source of the Nile; and

MUNGO PARK (1771-1805), whose literary achievements are far greater than those of Bruce. Park was drowned whilst escaping from an attack of the natives, but his second narrative was preserved, and published posthumously in 1815.

NOVELISTS.

FRANCES SHERIDAN (1724–1766), mother of Richard Brinsley Sheridan, was authoress of Nourjahad and Sidney Biddulph, and two comedies not so able as the novels, entitled The Discovery and The Dupe. Sidney Biddulph was greatly admired by Dr. Johnson.

MRS. CHARLOTTE LENNOX (1720-1804), authoress of the once popular novels, Harriot Stuart, 1751; and the Female Quixote, 1752.