nent. The head worker, or warden as he is called there, is apt to be a clergyman. Athletics are emphasized much as gymnastics are with us.

The problem of the English settlement is greater than that of the American settlement. The slum with which it has to deal is more wretched and squalid and much more hopeless. The people are more poorly paid and a much larger class are living where a temporary loss of work brings suffering. However, the English slum is not largely foreign, and work among the adults is generally possible, which is not often the case in the American settlement.

Scottish settlements.-There are settlements in Glasgow and Edinburgh, but the idea does not seem to have taken very deep root in Scottish soil, and the settlements there are much less developed than they are in England or America.

Settlements in Germany.-So far as known to the writer there are no true settlements in Germany, and there seem to be no slums in the German cities. No explanation of these very interesting phenomena has come to the writer's notice. Settlements in America.-The first settlement to be established on American soil was the Neighborhood Guild, which was started by Stanton Coit at 146 Forsyth street, New York City, in 1887. Mr. Coit hired two rooms in this tenement and took up his residence there. He soon became acquainted with the boys of the neighborhood, and when he thought the time was ripe he asked one of the boys whom he knew well to invite all of his friends to come to his rooms on a certain evening. This invitation brought out 63 boys, who were organized into a club. He then invited these boys to bring their younger brothers, and these were organized into a second club. Their older sisters formed the third club and their younger sisters the fourth. Thus the work of the first settlement began. It was not long before the guild outgrew its quarters and moved to 26 Delancy street, where it became the University Settlement in 1891. Since then it has built a magnificent home for itself at 184 Eldridge street. James B. Reynolds has been head worker of this settlement during most of its history. Under Mr. Reynolds's leadership the settlement has done good work in investigating social conditions in the neighborhood, and he has often been called to Albany or the City Hall to be consulted with reference to the needs of the tenement districts. In this way the settlement has played an important part in securing the legislation which was needed in this section. In the recent political campaign Mr. Reynolds was chairman of the executive committee of the Citizens' Union party.

Hull House in Chicago, which was founded in 1889, was the next notable settlement to be started in America. This has about thirty resident workers, and is the largest settlement in the world. Its different activities are almost as numerous as its residents. Miss Jane Addams, a woman of singular devotion to the work and insight into the needs of the people, is the head worker. None of the workers at Hull House receive any compensation, though they administer many thousands of dollars for their neighborhood every year.

The South End House of Boston (formerly Andover House) was founded in 1892. Mr. Robert A. Woods, who was lecturer at the Andover Theological Seminary, has been head worker from the beginning. Mr. Woods is a skilled investigator of social conditions, and is the most prolific writer and lecturer on settlement problems in America. South End House stands for the idea of a small settlement. Mr. Woods thinks that it is better for a settlement to swarm when it reaches a certain size and send off a colony to found another settlement elsewhere rather than it is for it to grow large.

These three settlements are mentioned because both they and their head workers are better known than any others in America. There are now about a hundred and fifty settlements in this country, of which forty are in New York City. Nearly half of these have been started in the last three or four years.

ALLIED INSTITUTIONS.

The settlement is not an entire stranger in American life. It has had many cousins and some brothers and sisters. The Young Men's and Young Women's Christian Associations have carried on many of the settlement activities for years. Church Missions have often had clubs, gymnasia, and industrial classes, as have also the institutional churches. Boys' clubs, and of late the evening play centers in the public schools, have been doing very similar work, though they do not have residents.

AIMS OF SETTLEMENTS.

Settlements may be divided into two general classes-religious settlements and nonreligious settlements. Religious settlements may again be divided into church houses, and settlements not connected with any church, but in which religious teaching is carried on. The church house is a settlement planted and maintained by a particular church. It is the city mission of former days with the settlement activities superadded to it. Very often the activities of the settlement are mainly carried on by volunteer workers from the church. In this way it furnishes an opportunity for Christian activity to the parent church, the rich are brought to sympathize with the poor and the benefit is mutual.

The nonreligious settlements may again be divided into those which make the settlement idea prominent, and those which believe the best work of the settlement consists in organizing its community to work out its own salvation. This idea is often expressed by saying the settlement should be a neighborhood center. The first class of settlements have three general purposes: First, to secure through investigation and legislation the conditions of a decent life to the poor. In this capacity settlements are working for clean streets and better tenements, for parks, baths, and playgrounds, and to improve the conditions of labor. It would be hard to estimate just how much direct influence the settlements have had in improving conditions in the slums, but it has certainly been considerable. Secondly, settlements seek to provide many utilities for the people in the form of legal aid, provident loans, cooperative stores, etc. These activities will be referred to later. Their third purpose is to reform the section from within by direct contact with its life. This is effected by the direct influence of the residents, by university extension lectures and classes, by art exhibitions, music schools, classes, etc. One of the chief factors in this work is the settlement building itself. The buildings are always kept scrupulously clean, the rooms are generally models of taste in furnishing and arrangement, and there is always something to appeal to the love of the beautiful. Besides works of art, all the New York settlements have window boxes of flowering plants in their windows. Then too the settlement building furnishes a common parlor to a neighborhood that ordinarily has none, so that the social life can go on under decent conditions. But the chief factor in settlement work is naturally the worker. It is hoped that in the direct contact in neighborhood life and work of the cultured and the uncultured, that culture will tell and the workers will become the leaders in the community life and will be imitated in all their ways. Some of this influence will be direct and personal and some will come through their hold on clubs.

The idea of Stanton Coit in founding neighborhood guilds was that these guilds should organize the life of each community for common ends. He finds the source of many of the ills of slum quarters in the fact that there are no social ties that bind the district into a community. If neighborhoods are thus organized for self help, with a guild hall as a neighborhood center which can serve as parlor and sitting room for the tenements that have none, then they can administer charity more wisely to their own members than can any outside agency. They can help each other to secure employment and in every way the neighborhood

will be served. This is a revival of the guild of the middle ages with the idea of neighborhood instead of trade as the basis of organization.

There are others (among whom may be mentioned Dr. Ossian Lang, editor of the Kellogg publications) who agree with this reasoning in general, and say further that each community has such a center already provided in the public school, an institution which is nonsectarian and nonpartisan, and in which all are vitally interested. It certainly does look as though some phases of settlement work are to become permanent phases of school work. The tendency of all progress is undoubtedly toward public administration of public necessities in the wide sense. Private enterprise must test each new candidate for the school curriculum, but after it is proved and its value determined it always tends to become a part of a school course. In this way the schools have taken up drawing, painting, music, and gymnastics. Will social work follow? The settlements claim to train character, while the pedagogue asserts that the training of character is the chief aim of education. If both these statements are true then the work or a part of the work of the settlement falls well within the educational field. The public schools of most of our great cities have already invaded this field through their playground movements, but more especially through their evening play centers and evening roof gardens. This is not using the school as a neighborhood center, but we also have an example of a school being used in this way in the Long Acre League on West Forty-fourth street, New York City. This is the organization of a neighborhood around a public school by which various social and educational activities are maintained. This problem, however, is peculiarly difficult in American slums from the fact that so few of the people speak English.

AIMS OF SETTLEMENT WORKERS.

Miss Addams says that there are three chief aims which animate workers in settlements. The first of these is a "desire to socialize democracy." She says that we have a political democracy, but a social aristocracy. We recognize the right of every man to a vote, but we do not recognize that he has the right to meet us on terms of equality in the drawing room or parlor. Yet by this separation of the classes Miss Addams thinks the rich are losing quite as much as the poor. They are missing the broadening, deepening influence of wide sympathy and life, which alone can make life really happy or worth living. The second aim she sees in "the desire to mingle with the common life." It is the old gregarious impulse coming to light once more, the desire to be at one with the race. The third aim she finds in the working out of Christian brotherhood, in the desire to lead such a life of personal intimacy and equality among men as Christ led in Galilee.

Mr. Woods has said: "The true attitude of every social worker is that of a member of a noble family, in which is the widest inequality, but equality and inequality are never thought of, and greater knowledge and strength mean only greater love and service."

This is of course only a general statement of the teaching of Christ. This spirit is beautifully illustrated in an incident that is told of Charles Kingsley. He was entertaining a distinguished guest, and this guest had just told a particularly good story when Kingsley turned to his wife and said, "Call Mary, my dear; I think she would enjoy that story," and the distinguished guest was asked to repeat the story for the servant's benefit. It would be hard, however, to get a better illustration of the difference between the old and the new spirit than we find in Lowell's Vision of Sir Launfal. You will remember, how, when Sir Launfal rides forth in search of the Holy Grail, he is met at his gate by a leper who asks for alms. Sir Launfal despises him in his rags and filth and wretchedness, and tosses him a piece of gold in scorn. The leper does not take the gold. Years

pass by, Sir Launfal, having spent his life in a fruitless search, returns to his castle only to be denied admission. Once more the leper stands before him and asks for alms, but this time Sir Launfal's heart goes out to the leper in his sufferings, and he divides with him his crust and brings him water from the brook. The first attitude of Sir Launfal has been too often the attitude of the almsgiving rich in the past; his last action shows the true spirit of the social worker. Nothing is more fatal to the success of the work than the spirit of condescension that the rich too often show toward the poor.

LIFE OF A RESIDENT.

Very mistaken ideas are often entertainad by outsiders as to what the life of a resident is. There is so much said about sharing the life of the poor, living the life of the people, etc., that many seem to think that to live in a settlement means to live on a very frugal fare and in mean and unattractive apartments, but this is one of the things which settlements do not stand for. The aim is to plant a higher life among the poor, hence the building itself and the rooms of the residents are generally commodious and models of taste. They are very much better than the ordinary room of the college student. The board is usually very good and the people of the neighborhood do not dine with the residents, as many seem to think; except when they are invited to do so. However, the effect of the quarter can not be avoided and it is not best that it should be. There are the noises, the unpleasant odors, the dirt of the district, and the constant presence of sights of wretchedness which wear upon the nerves and sympathies. There are the endless rows of pushcarts and brick buildings and dirty streets, and usually there is no touch of nature to redeem the barrenness and monotony. The resident's time is never his own, as he is constantly being visited by people of the neighborhood and by guests of the settlement who wish to see the work and the life. These things can not well be otherwise, because it is through the intimate contact with his neighbors and by entertaining them in his own room or the club room that the worker is to gain his influence. There is usually a very ideal social life among the workers who live thus separated from their former associates in a city slum. The common work and isolation alike draw them together. Then there are many interesting people who are constantly coming to visit the settlement. It is always a favorite place of resort for sociologists and philanthropists.

The workers at a settlement consist of a head worker, one or more assistants, a matron, resident volunteers, volunteers who come in from outside to assist in taking charge of the clubs and the library, the teachers of classes, etc. The head worker of most settlements devotes all of his or her time to the work, and is generally paid, as are also the assistants. Of the other residents some devote all of their time to the work, but many only devote their evenings or a part of their evenings to it. They receive no compensation and usually pay six or seven dollars a week for their board. They might be called social apprentices, though many are thus giving their lives to the work. Miss Addams thinks that social work of this kind, either as a volunteer or as a resident, is an invaluable part of the education of a young woman of competence who has graduated from college and finds herself without any serious work in life. The widening of her sympathies through contact with the people is sure to make her more attractive and useful in any circle, while at the same time she is giving to the poor the results of her years of training and of a life of rich opportunities.

When a settlement is planted in a slum there is always a struggle for the mastery to determine which is to leaven the other. There is the same struggle between the individual residents of the settlement to determine whether they are to bring

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the people up to their standard or whether they shall adopt the ways of thinking of the neighborhood. There is an inevitable leveling up and down where the contact is intimate which works both ways, and it is therefore desirable that the residents should lead a life of wide interests and sympathies without as well as within the settlement.

ACTIVITIES OF SETTLEMENTS.

A considerable part of the energy of the New York settlements during the past year has been given to the investigation of child labor in that city and securing the passage of a more stringent law against the employment of children of school age, and in saving the new tenement-house law, which promises to the New York of the future such greatly improved dwellings for the poor.

The Legal Aid Society.--One of the useful activities connected with most settlements is the legal aid. The people in settlement neighborhoods in this country are apt to be immigrants who have only been here a short time. Consequently, they do not understand either our language or our laws, and are peculiarly liable to be cheated by employers and business concerns. To such the Legal Aid Society offers free advice, and, if circumstances seem to warrant it, will even prosecute for its client. A small fee is charged if it appears that the client can afford to pay it.

The Provident Loan Society.-The Provident Loan Society is another society connected with some of the settlements. This is a model pawn shop. The regular pawn shops of these neighborhoods usually charge 3 or 4 per cent a month on the money loaned. If the borrower does not redeem his pledge promptly the article is often sold at a great sacrifice to him. The Provident Loan charges 1 per cent a month on all its small loans on short time. Thus far it has proved both a practical philanthrophy and also a good business investment, paying about 5 per cent on the capital invested. The Provident Loan of the University Settlement in New York does over $2,000,000 worth of business a year. As the work is among the Jews, the pledges are largely diamonds.

The penny provident bank.—The penny provident bank is a feature of all settlements, so far as the writer knows. The curse of the poor is their improvidence. They seldom have any plan which surveys the income and arranges expenditures so as to leave a margin. Consequently, when times are good they live well and often spend much on trifles, but in case of sickness or loss of work there are no savings to draw from and suffering is almost immediate. The English settlements often send around a collector to the houses and urge the people to put in a penny a week if they can do no better. In America the settlements have bank day two or three afternoons or evenings a week. The deposits are nearly all made by children and range from one cent to three or four dollars. The usual deposit is about five or ten cents. When the amount reaches $5 the child is advised to put his money in a savings bank, as the penny provident bank does not pay interest on deposits. The banking system is very simple. The child takes out a bank book, he puts in 10 cents and has a 10-cent stamp pasted in his book. The bank will redeem the book at any time for the value of its stamps, that is, penny provident stamps.

The kindergarten.-Kindergartens are a regular feature of settlement work. They differ from school kindergartens in that a small fee is generally charged (usually 5 cents a week). The kindergartners visit the children and parents in their homes and organize mothers meetings. They receive salaries for their services.

The crèche. Most of the newer settlements have day nurseries connected with them. Many of the mothers of the neighborhood work out during the day, and