one glimpse they might see much, which being little might surer abide. Fifthly, enjoined them obedience to their parents. Charging them diligently to serve them, living themselves with thin fare and clear water. Sixthly forbade them to bush or curl their hair but poll it. Seventhly commended them the practice of hunting. These be Diogenes' lessons. Without refined minds, nobles are without nobility. For what jest were it (think ye) if a musician of seemly favour, and well proportioned body, just height, and manly beauty, well clad in silks, holding a sweet melodious instrument, should enter in honourable presence: and having thus on, all parties raised great expectation: all noise hushed and solempne silence made, suddenly began to bleat with a harsh, rustical and rude voice: and mow with his mouth? Or how hiss we out a well apparalled player, if counterfeiting a king on the stage, he fail of his gesture, speak yawning, have a sour and harsh voice, miss his action or use unseemly gesture for so stately personage? Doth not he then much more abandon himself to laughter and contempt, who abounding with all the gifts God and fortune may give; placed by them in chief and swarming plenty, lifted to the highest type of honour, his body decked and trimmed at all points, beareth about a rude, rustical, and rough mind? And with filthiness of life, defameth both himself and his ancestors. What nobles should be taught. * First * * be he taught the art of words, then the pratique of deeds, that both he know how to frame his talk discreetly, well and wisely: and order and dispose his life and doings comely and consonant to virtue, nature and God's will. That these metes and bounds, determine a man's school, it is manifest by Homer, saying one Phoenix was allowed Achilles, by his father Peleus to make him an orator of words and practiser of deeds. Of the first grounds of grammar and principles of speech and talk I will say naught. Thus much onely at this present I warn, be he with all speed provided a master, both learned and godly. For hardly is it razed, that is graven in tender years. Hierom, of the institution of a noble gentlewoman. A master must she be provided of reasonable years, faultless life and learning. Nor will any, I think, refuse to do for his sister a Noble virgin, that Aristotle did for Philip's son, whom, for want of A B C masters, himself taught his characters. A nobleman's school and manner of study. After the precepts and rules of grammar [have been] most briefly and compendiously abridged and taught out of some one, not many authors (sith there is great diversity and confusion) that the best Latin writers follow. The familiarist, exquisitist, and briefest of Cicero's Epistles, Dialogues most delight that age. And therefore, Cicero's Cato or Laelius, may they read. Hereto may certain chosen colloquies of Castalio and Erasmus be coupled. Timely to sow the seeds of godliness and virtue in their tender hearts. And Terence also but with riper years and judgment. If any filth be intermeddled, let the trusty diligence of the teacher remedy it, using sounder authors as treacle to expel it. Nor truly would I yield Terence this room but for I saw Cicero so much esteem him, who took not the least part of eloquence of him, as Chrysostom of Aristophanes, the excellence of the Attic tongue, a poet nevertheless both nipping in taunts and wanton in talks, aud no less hurtful to honesty. But be the hardest, first imprinted. For grown riper in years and knowledge, they lightly neglect them as trifles. Therefore, not little helpeth it, even at first, to learn them Greek and Hebrew, preposterously do all universities, schools and teachers that contrary it. For about the bush run they to arts, who understand not the original tongues. Of the Greek, no unpleasant authors are Æsop, Joachim Camerarius, Ethica Arithmologia, a little book but lading few precepts with great store of learning. Of orators, Isocrates, Demosthenes and the most reverend author and Orator Christ Jesus with the Apostles whose writings I allow, ever first and last. The Hebrew out of the Bible's most purely, and onely floweth. In these harder tongues, much availeth the trusty, plain and learned explication of a painful teacher. Of the poets. The ancient Nobility reverenced chiefly poets. Therefore Seneca's Tragedies, Plautus' Comedies, Vergil's Georgics and Warrior, of the Latins for the stateli * ness of the matter and style are most honoured * * Euripides, Cicero's authority prevaileth to admit. whose every verse he deemeth as many oracles. The divinity of Sibil's a verse commendeth itself. And Pindar and Homer sith Alexander so much praised, no nobleman may despise. Nay, they ought reverence. For in the sack of Thebes he spared Pindar's house, Homer oft he read and bare in his bosom both in war and peace. In sleep [he] made him partner, or rather privy Councillor of his state, and companion of his cares. By night [he] lapped him under his pillow. On whom by day he waked, by night to sleep. Rhetoric, logic, and ethics. Rhetoric and Logic are necessary to file the talk, whet the wit and imprint order: wherewith Aristotle, the prince of pleading and reasoning, instructed his Alexander. The preparative to Rhetoric, to yield their talk both more plenteous and pleasant: containeth Erasmus' book of the Copy of Words and matter, most profitable if well and wittily he he read. But much I over-pass. Both for I mind not to reckon all, and for I teach a Noble-man, who wanteth not to read all. But this much shall make him a good reasoner. Besides the art of words he must be stuffed with store of matter. To become therefore first Ethic and moral, read he of the Greeks, Isocrates, chiefly to Demonicus and Nicocles. Epictetus, and other like. Of the Hebrews, Deuteronomy and Ecclesiastes. To learn in the entry of his years of the one, God's laws and commandments; of the other, the world's vanity. But chiefly ken he Salomon's proverbs. The like accompt make he of David's Psalms. For further study Humfrey advises: Aristotle Of Manners [i. e. Morals], Cicero's Duties, Erasmus Of Civility, the House-Philosophy of Xenophon and Aristotle, which also Paul touched, writing to the Ephesians, Timothy and others. Daily and nightly ought the young noble to read Aristotle and others on Civil knowledge, and ought to know the ordinances, laws and manners of the Lacedaemonians, Athenians, Jews, Romans, and other Christians in Europe. The writers on nobility. Read he also all writers of Nobility. Erasmus, Of the Institution of a Christian Prince, [John] Sturm's Learned Nobility, Philo, Hierome Osorius, Lucas Gauricus, who handle the self theme, and almost all Plutarch's works, in them as mirrors to see and behold himself. Among historical writers Humfrey recommends among the Greek, Plutarch, Appian, Thucydides; among the Hebrews, Josephus, the books of Genesis, Exodus, Judges, and the Kings; among the Latins, Cæsar, Livy, and in his own time, Sleidan, Paul, Jovins, and Bembus. In civil knowledge. Justinian's Institutions, the Pandects and the whole course of the civil law. And both all antiquity and the law and statutes of our own realm, wherein so skilful ought he to be, as he dare profess it. For, the Nobles' palaces ought to be the whole country's Oracles. Plato had I almost overpassed, with whose laws and commonwealth, he ought, most familiarly acquaint him. In the mathematics. Humfrey on astrology. Arithmetic, can he not want. Geometry much helpeth, to placing, framing and conveying of buildings. Great delight and profit, bringeth Geography. But Astrology, I see so ravened, embraced, and devoured by many, as they need no spur to it but rather a bridle from it, no trumpeter to encourage them, but a chider to a Presumably Humfrey refers to such books as the following, which I find in book-catalogues. The dates are later than Humfrey, but clearly a similar book was extant in his time. Sibylline Oracles.-Sibyllina Oracula Gr. Lat. cum Notis illustrata D. Joanne Opsopwo Brettano, engraved title and 10 fine engravings-Oracula Magica Zoroastris cum Scholiis Plethonis et Pselli nune primum editi.-Oracula Metrica Jovis Appollinis Hecates Serapidis et aliorum, Græce et Latine, in one thick vol, 8vo. Paris, 1599, and again 1607. Blondel (David).-Treatise of the Sibyls so highly celebrated by the Antient Heathens, Englished by J. Davies, of Kidwelly, sm. folio. 1661. First Edition, dedicated to Sir Edw. Maunsell of Margam, in the co. of Glamorgan. * restrain their vehement race * * I condemn not universally the art, but thereto get they me nor counsellor nor favourer; it hath plenty enough of praisers. The fine of their whole study. Be the fine of their whole study, first to know God, next themselves, to govern well their family, the state. Thus leave I much to private reading, and overpass both Christian and heathen writers of later age or nearer years. I pass by also the Catechisms and institutions of Christian religion. Wherein the chief of our age is John Calvin. Humfrey commends the reading of Alexander Severus, "wherein as a most compendious form is closed the sum of their [the nobles'] whole study. For he was not altogether estranged from our religion. But in his oratory and secret closet, besides the images of Alexander and Apollonius he had also Christ's and Abraham's counterfeits." The following work gives an idea of the nobleman's character and office, though the educational methods and material of instruction are not so clearly described as in Humfrey: The Five Bookes of the Famous learned, and eloquent man, Hieronimus Orosius, contayninge a discourse of Civill, and Christian Nobilitie. A worke no lesse pleasant than profitable for all, but especiallye the noble Gentlemen of England, to view their lives, their estates, and conditions in. Translated out of Latine into Englishe by William Blandie late of the Universitie of Oxeford, and now fellow of the middle Temple in London. Lond. 1576. 4to. SIR NICHOLAS BACON. 1510-1579. Doctor Furnivall refers in his Forewords to the reprint of Sir Humphrey Gilbert's Queene Elizabeth's Achademy to an essay on Sir Nicholas Bacon, Lord Keeper, by John Payne Collier. In that essay an account is given a of: Articles devised for the bringing up in vertue and learning of the Queenes Majesties Wardes, being heires male, and whose landes, descending in possession and coming to the Queenes Majestic, shall amount to the cleere yearly value of e markes, or above. This paper was sent to Sir William Cecil in 1561, when he had been appointed master of the wards. Bacon describes his view as to The way of reform with the wards. That the preceding hath bin preposterous appeareth by this: the chiefe thing, and most of price in wardeship is the wardes mynde; the next to that, his bodie; the last and meanest, his land. Nowe, hitherto the chiefe care of governaunce hath bin had to the land, being the meaneste; and to the bodie, being the better, very small; but to the mynde, being the best, none at all, which methinkes is playnely to sett the carte before the horse. The following is Mr. Payne Collier's account of Sir Nicholas's suggestions: It may appear singular that in these articles, drawn up by Sir Nicholas, so much stress is laid upon instruction in music; but it only serves to confirm the notion that the science was then most industriously cultivated by nearly every class of society. The wards are to attend divine service at six in the morning: nothing is said about breakfast, but they are to study Latin until eleven; to dine between eleven and twelve; to study with the music-master from twelve till two; from two to three they are to be with the French master; and from three to five with the Latin and Greek masters. At five they are to go to evening prayers; then they are to sup; to be allowed honest pastimes till eight; and, last of all before they go to bed at nine, they are again to apply themselves to music under the instruction of the master. At and after the age of sixteen they were to attend lectures upon temporal and civil law, as well as de disciplina militari. Archæologia, vol. 33, pp. 343, 344; there printed from manuscript. Mr. Collier says: It is not necessary to insert further details," though one can not help wishing we had been given the whole essay. He says that "the education of wards was shamefully neglected, while their lands were carefully cultivated for the benefit of the Crown or of the private guardian appointed by the Crown," and that even Lord Burghley was unable to cope with the mischief. "It lasted," adds Collier, "more or less, as long as wardship was maintained." SIR HUMPHREY GILBERT. 1539-1583. Queene Elizabethes Achademy. By Sir Humphrey Gilbert. Lansdowne MS., 98, art. 1, leaf 2. Edited by F. J. Furnivall, M. A. Early English Text Society, 1869. The erection of an Achademy in London for educacion of her Majestes Wardes, and others the youth of nobility and gentlemen. Sir Humphrey Gilbert considers an academy desirable for Her Majesty's wards, so that they should not fall into the hands of those of "evil religion" or "insufficient qualities." The staff of the academy. One schoolmaster to teach grammar, Greek, and Latin; salary to be 40 li. Also there shall be allowed to him four ushers, at a salary of 20 li each. Also one who shall read and teach the Hebrew tongue, at a salary of 50 li. A teacher of logic and rhetoric, who shall also on certain days, weekly, his scholars dispute and exercise the same," and shall be yearly allowed therefor 40 li. The exercises and orations to be in English. see When the Orator shall practice his scholars in the exercise thereof, he shall chiefly do it in Orations made in English, both politic and military, taking occasions out of Discourses of histories, approving or reproving the matter, not only by reason, but also with the examples and stratagems both antique and modern. For of what commodity such use of art will be in our tongue may partly be seen by the scholastical rawness of some newly commen from the universities: besides, in what language soever learning is attained, the appliance to use is principally in the vulgar speech, as in preaching, in parliament, in council, in commission and other offices of Common Weal. I omit to show what ornament will thereby grow to our tongue, and how able it will appear for strength and plenty, when, by such exercises, learning shall have brought unto it the choice of words, the building of sentences, the garnishment of figures, and other beauties of Oratory,— whereupon I have heard that the famous knight Sir John Cheke devised to have declamations, and such other exercises, sometimes in the universities performed in English. Training toward power as well as knowledge. This kind of education is fittest for them, because they are wards to the prince, by reason of knight's service. And also, by this exercise, art shall be practised, reason sharpened, and all the noble exploits that ever were or are to be done, together with the occasions or overthrows, shall continually be kept in fresh memory; whereby wise counsel in doubtful matters of war and state shall not be to seek among this trained Company when need shall require. For not without cause is Epaminondas commended, who, riding or journeying in time of peace, used oftentimes suddenly to appose his company upon the opportunity of any place, saying, "What if our enemies were here or there, what were best to do?" The teaching of moral philosophy. The "reader" (who is to receive 100li. per year) shall divide his readings into civil policy and martial policy. By directing the lectures to the ends aforesaid, men shall be taught more wit and policy then school learnings can deliver. And therefore meetest for the best sort, to whom it chiefly appertaineth to have the managing of matters of estate and policy. For the greatest school-clerks are not always the wisest men. Doctor Furnivall quotes Chaucer, Canterbury Tales, 1, 4051, 4052: "The grettest clerks beth not the wisest men, As whilom to the wolf thus spak the mare." The reader of natural philosophy is to receive 40li. There are to be two mathematicians, one to teach arithmetic and geometry with their applications to military science, at salaries of 100li. each, an engineer at 100li., and two ushers to teach the principles of arithmetic and geometry at 40li. per year each, a horseman who is to have due allowance (the figures are all given) for the provision of horses, a soldier" at a salary of 66li. 13s. 4d. The second mathematician is to teach cosmography and astronomy, with navigation, to be paid 66li. 13s. 4d. There is to be one to teach how to draw maps, sea charts, and perspective at 40li., and a doctor of physics to read physic and chirurgerie, at 100li. per year. Gilbert's reason for the reader of physic. The physician shall practice to read Chirurgerie, because through want of learning therein, we have very few good Chirurgeons, if any at all. By reason that Chirgurgery is not now to be learned in any other place than in a barber's shop, And in that shop, most dangerous, especially in time of plague, when the ordinary trimming of men for cleanliness must be done by those which have to do with infected persons. 100li. is allotted for the philosopher and physician to have a garden for all kinds of simples. Lawyer for grounds of common law, who shall set down and teach exquisitely the office of a justice of the peace and sheriff. 100li. One teacher of the French tongue 26li. With an usher. One teacher of the Italian tongue. With an usher. One teacher of the Spanish tongue. 10li. 26li. 10li. 26li. One teacher of the High Dutch tongue 26li. One master of defense.. 26li. Dancing and vaulting teacher. 26li. One teacher of music "and to play one the lute, the bandora, and cittern 26li. Yearly allowed for a steward, cooks, butlers, and other necessary officers. All printers in England shall be charged to deliver into the Library of the Academy at their own charges, one copy, well bound, of every book, proclamation or pamphlet that they shall print. This anticipates the copyright act, whereby the British Museum claims à copy of every work published in Great Britain. Of the chief officers of the Academy Per year. The treasurer is to be paid. 100li. The rector, "who shall make trial of the nature and inclinations of the wards" 100li. The master of the court of wards, i. e., the chiefest governor 200li. For the first furnishing of books and instruments and for the buying of houses 2,000li. The total yearly charge 2,966li. 13s. 4d. |