gency activities of the Corps included rescue work, flood-fighting assistance, and repair and restoration of flood-control works.

Hurricanes of August and October 1954. Three major hurricanes, respectively designated as Carol, Edna, and Hazel, caused disastrous damage over a wide area of the eastern United States. In addition to destructive winds, and torrential rains which caused heavy flood damages in inland areas, high tidal waters accompanying the hurricanes battered the coasts of the Carolinas and the Northeastern States. Hurricane-damaged areas of North and South Carolina, Maryland, Pennsylvania, New York, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, and Maine were declared by the President to be major disaster areas. The emergency activities of the Corps included maintenance of liaison with local, State, and other Federal agencies concerned; providing engineering services; collecting basic data and making damage studies and surveys for use in disaster relief and rehabilitation, and work under the Corps' statutory authorities for emergency flood-control activities and for emergency dredging and removal of obstructions in the interest of navigation.

Floods of May 1955, State of Colorado. Heavy rainfall in the Arkansas River Basin during 18-19 May caused serious flooding in a number of locations. Clark County, Colo., in which is located the city of Trinidad, where extensive damage occurred, was declared by the President on 21 June 1955 to be a disaster area. La Junta also suffered heavy damage. Emergency activities undertaken by the Corps included repair of flood-control works at La Junta and at the request of the Federal Civil Defense Administration, extensive restoration of river-bank protection at Trinidad, under Public Law 875, in order to supplement emergency bank-protection work undertaken to protect public facilities pursuant to section 14 of the Flood Control Act approved 24 July 1946.

4. ADMINISTRATION OF LAWS FOR PROTECTION OF NAVIGABLE WATERS

In administering the Federal laws enacted for the protection and preservation of the navigable waters of the United States, 6,066 permits for structures or operations in navigable waters were issued and plans for 248 bridges, dams, dikes, or causeways were approved during the year. In addition, 32 extensions of time for commencement or completion of construction of bridges were granted. Fifty-two sets of regulations for the use, administration, and navigation of navigable waters were established, including drawbridge regulations, establishment of anchorage grounds, special anchorage areas, danger zones, dumping grounds, and restricted areas.

The Corps of Engineers engaged in the following additional activities relative to the administration of the laws for protection of navigable

waters: Investigations of the discharge or deposit of refuse matter of any kind in navigable waters; prevention of pollution of coastal navigable waters by oil; administrative determination of the heads of navigation and the extent to which the laws shall apply to specific streams; supervision of the harbor of New York to prevent obstruction or injurious deposits in the waters thereof, including the waters of Long Island Sound; establishment of reasonable rates of toll for transit across bridges over navigable waters; granting of permits for the occupation and use of Federal works under control of the Corps of Engineers; reports of international boards on operations affecting international boundary waters; and legislation in connection with the foregoing.

There is a continuing program to prevent deposits or to obtain the removal of any deposits in channels which obstruct navigation or increase Federal maintenance costs. In 9 areas of the country, 24 industries, and 5 municipalities are removing, have been requested to remove, or are participating in the removal of shoals for which they are responsible. Negotiations are underway on 7 waterways with 16 companies for remedial action in connection with waste deposits causing shoaling, and negotiations are planned with 3 additional companies. During the past 5 years agreements totaling more than $3,500,000 have been reached with some of our major industries. The program has resulted not only in a saving in dredging costs and more efficient use of dredging equipment, but also in a stimulation of planning by the industries to improve their operations for recovering salvageable material. In the case of one company, which declined to accept responsibility for its deposits in the Calumet River, Ill., court action was instituted during the year and is continuing. This was the only case in which an equitable agreement could not be reached. A report entitled "Navigational Clearance Requirements for Highway and Railroad Bridges" prepared by the United States Department of Commerce was released toward the end of this fiscal year. The conflicting interests involved are the desire of navigation interests for the maximum navigation opening and the desire of bridge owners to conserve funds by building a minimum crossing. In connection with its continuing studies of this subject, the Corps of Engineers is making a thorough review of its policy on bridge clearances with a view to resolving the problems involved in meeting the requirements of both the water and land transportation interests. The present system of standard bridge clearances is being reviewed and extended to cover, insofar as practicable and necessary, all navigable waterways. During the year a new procedure was initiated whereby a "finding of fact" is prepared for attachment to the formal approval of bridge plans. When necessary or in controversial cases, an economic analysis to determine the clearance requirements for a bridge may be developed.

One such analysis was prepared during the past year at the request of the Department of Commerce.

Under the Bridge Alteration Act (Truman-Hobbs) approved on 21 June 1940, as amended by the act of 16 July 1952, the cost of altering a bridge used for railroad traffic, combined railroad and highway traffic or a publicly owned highway bridge, found by the Secretary of the Army to be obstructive to navigation, is apportioned between the bridge owner and the United States. Hearings in connection with obstructive qualities were held on two bridges and an order to alter was served on two bridge owners. An agreement to relocate was entered into with one bridge owner. Action was continued on 10 additional obstructive bridge cases in various stages of development. The removal of wrecks in navigable waters of the United States is governed by sections 19 and 20 of the River and Harbor Act approved 3 March 1899, and is predicated entirely upon their being obstructions to navigation. During the fiscal year, 50 wrecks were removed by the Corps of Engineers as obstructions to navigation.

5. REGULATION OF HYDRAULIC MINING, CALIFORNIA The California Debris Commission, created by act of Congress, regulates hydraulic mining in the drainage area of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers to prevent the resulting debris from being carried into navigable waters. The Commission has licensed 21 mining operators, of which 4 utilize storage behind the Federal debris dams.

During the year the Harry L. Engelbright Dam and the North Fork Dam, together with their appurtenant service facilities, were operated and maintained for the storage of hydraulic mining debris. On the Yuba River, repair of the Daguerre Point Dam, a debris barrier, and clearing, snagging, and bank-protection work were accomplished. The cost of this activity is paid in part from funds provided from receipts of contributed funds.

6. UNITED STATES LAKE SURVEY

The United States lake survey prosecuted its continuing program of preparation and revision of charts for navigation of the Great Lakes, the New York State canal system, Lake Champlain, and the Minnesota-Ontario border lakes. Work progressed during the fiscal year 1955 on the basis of a 15-year program, insofar as practicable, comprising, in addition to chart preparation and sale, hydrographic surveys, engineering studies and flow measurements, and the Great Lakes Pilot publication.

Sweeping operations in Thunder Bay Island Shoal in Lake Huron were completed during the first few weeks of the fiscal year. Preliminary testing of an electronic device "Shoran" for positioning of

survey vessels was completed. A special investigation and sounding project was accomplished in the lower end of Whitefish Bay on Lake Superior adjacent to the area surveyed in 1954. The offshore program was continued on Lake Michigan and the western half of the lake was covered from Kenosha to Port Washington and the eastern half from South Haven to Point Betsie. Inshore sounding operations were conducted in the upper portion of the International Rapids section of the St. Lawrence River during the last half of the 1954 field season. A complete inshore and revisory survey of the greater Chicago waterfront, from Gary, Ind., to Wilmette, Ill., was started in the vicinity of Chicago Harbor. Revisory surveys were made for revision of navigation charts for positions of prominent landmarks, addition of new features, and for United States harbors on the lakes and the St. Marys River. In addition to the above field operations, hydraulic and hydrology activities were carried on.

7. WASHINGTON, D. C., WATER SUPPLY

With funds appropriated for the District of Columbia water supply system, the Corps of Engineers continued the operation, maintenance, repair, and protection of the water-supply facilities, known as the Washington Aqueduct, to provide an uninterrupted and adequate supply of purified water to the distribution systems of the District of Columbia and adjacent Maryland and Virginia areas as authorized by law. The maximum daily consumption provided by the existing facilities was about 257 million gallons, and the average daily consumption was about 164 million gallons.

In order to meet the increasing demand for water, construction work continued on the long-range program. Work was completed on the first section of about 2 miles of the 48-inch transmission main from Dalecarlia to Reno Reservoir. Construction was commenced on the second section, 1,700 feet in length. Construction work was also initiated on the Dalecarlia purified-water pumping station having an installed capacity of 477 million gallons daily and the Little Falls raw-water pumping station with an installed capacity of 450 million gallons daily. The Dalecarlia pumping station is scheduled for completion in March 1957 and the Little Falls pumping station in January 1958.

Plans and specifications were essentially completed for the new Third High Reservoir at Reno. Preparation of plans and specifications was continued on a new chemical building and operating center at the McMillan filtration plant.

8. WORK FOR OTHER AGENCIES

Major dredging operations were carried out during the year for the United States Maritime Administration, with funds transferred from

that agency, at the reserve fleet site at Astoria, Oreg., and maintenance dredging was performed at the reserve fleet site at Suisun Bay, Calif. Construction of cathodic protection systems for vessels was initiated or performed at the reserve fleet sites at Mobile, Ala.; Beaumont, Tex.; Astoria, Oreg.; and Olympia, Wash. Construction of mooring devices was initiated at the reserve fleet site at Wilmington, N. C. Facilities for installation of commercial power for ventilating grain ships were installed at Hudson River reserve fleet site.

Major dredging operations were completed for the Department of the Navy, with funds transferred from that agency, for shore protection at United States Naval Air Missile Test Center, Point Mugu, Port Hueneme, Calif. Inspection of dredging work was performed at Frog Mortar Creek, Md., for that agency, and an estimate of cost of dredging a channel in Pensacola Bay, Fla., was prepared.

Dredging operations were performed at the boat basin at Jacksonville, Fla., for the United States Coast Guard.

Revetment work was accomplished at Rouge River, Oreg., for the Bureau of Reclamation.

9. FOREIGN TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE

During the fiscal year the Corps of Engineers continued to participate in the United States Foreign Technical Assistance Program sponsored by the Department of State and the International Cooperation Administration (formerly the Foreign Operations Administration).

The study of the Paraguay River for possible development for navigation was completed and a comprehensive report thereon, with recommendations, was furnished the International Cooperation Administration for the use of that agency and the Government of Paraguay. Technical assistance to the French Government in connection with the construction of a large earth dam near Gap, France, was continued. Experts were detailed to France to advise French Government officials in connection with that project and to assist in the selection of a dam site on the Konkouri River in French Guinea, Africa. Technical personnel were also detailed during the year to consult with and advise the Governments of Brazil, Canada, India, Ireland, Liberia, and Pakistan in connection with various projects for flood control, beach erosion prevention, and navigation improvements.

Work was continued on the projects sponsored by the International Cooperation Administration for the procurement, delivery, and assembly of 8 dredges and attendant plant for the Government of Indochina and for 5 dredges and attendant plant for the Government of the Philippines. One of the completed dredges was delivered to the Philippines and placed in operation; 7 of the dredges were delivered