dish, gold and all. At this sermon there was also one of our club, who, being of my sentiments respecting the building in Georgia, and, suspecting a collection might be intended, had, by precaution, emptied his pockets before he came from home. Towards the conclusion of the discourse, however, he felt a strong inclination to give, and applied to a neighbor, who stood near him, to lend him some money for the purpose. The request was fortunately made to perhaps the only man in the company who had the firmness not to be affected by the preacher. His answer was, 'At any other time, friend Hopkinson, I would lend to thee freely; but not now, for thee scems to be out of thy right senses.' - Franklin's Autobiography.

Toplady.

AUGUSTUS M. TOPLADY, 1740–1778, born at Farnham, in Surrey, and educated at Westminster School, and in Trinity College, Dublin, was one of the ultra Calvinists of the English Church, and was noted for his assaults upon John Wesley on points of doctrine.

Toplady's chief works on this subject are: The Doctrine of Absolute Predestination Stated and Asserted; Historic Proof of the Doctrinal Calvinism of the Church of EngJand; The Scheme of Christian and Philosophical Necessity Asserted, in opposition to Mr. John Wesley, etc. Besides these controversial writings, Toplady was the author of a large number of Hymns, many of them of great excellence. Some of Toplady's Hymns are found in nearly every collection. The hymn, Rock of Ages, the best probably in the language, will keep his memory fresh in the heart of the Christian Church long after all his sharp controversial essays are forgotten.

WILLIAM HUNTINGTON, S. S., 1744-1813, a popular Methodist preacher of London, was originally a laborer. He was the author of a number of sermons and controversial writings. The title S. S. is thus explained by Huntington himself: "As I cannot get a D. D. for the want of cash, neither can I get an M. A. for the want of learning; therefore am I compelled to fly for refuge to S. S., by which I mean Sinner Saved."

THOMAS COKE, LL. D., 1747-1814, a Wesleyan missionary and writer, made nine voyages to the West Indies and the United States, as a missionary preacher. He wrote a general Commentary on the Old and New Testament, in 6 vols., 4to, and a Life of Wesley. He was the first Bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church in America.

Jones of Nayland.

WILLIAM JONES of Nayland, 1726-1800, was an Oxford scholar, of great eminence for erudition, and a voluminous writer.

Jones's works have been printed in 12 vols., 8vo. The following are the principal: The Catholic Doctrine of the Trinity Proved; Answer to Bishop Clayton's Essay on the Spirit; Natural Philosophy; Physiological Disquisitions; Lectures on the Figurative Language of the Scriptures; The Scholar Armed against the Errors of the Times; Life of Bishop Horne, etc. Jones belonged to the Hutchinsonian school of theology. Besides his general erudition, he was specially skilled in music, and was a musical composer of no inconsiderable celebrity.

THOMAS GIBBONS, D. D., 1720-1785, a Calvinistic Dissenting preacher in London, wrote a large number of works, chiefly theological. The Christian Minister, in

three Poetical Epistles; Rhetoric, 8vo; Memoirs of Eminently Pious Women, 2 vols., 8vo; Memoirs of Dr. Watts; Sermons on Practical Subjects, 3 vols., 8vo.

ROBERT HAWKES, 1753-1827, a Calvinistic divine; settled for fifty years at Plymouth, was the author of several religious works, mainly Commentaries. The following are the chief: Commentary on the Old Testament, 9 vols.; The Poor Man's Commentary on the Old Testament, 6 vols., 12mo; The Poor Man's Commentary on the New Testament, 4 vols., 12mo; The Poor Man's Morning and Evening Portion, etc.

McKnight.

JAMES MCKNIGHT, 1721-1800, is celebrated as a Commentator and as a Harmonist.

He was a native of Argyleshire, Scotland, and was educated partly at the University of Glasgow, and partly at Leyden. After preaching at Jedburgh and elsewhere, he was settled for the last twenty-eight years of his life at Edinburgh.

McKnight is known chiefly by two works, each a monument of laborious diligence and scholarship. The first was A Harmony of the Four Gospels, in which the natural order of each is preserved, with a paraphrase and notes. McKnight's Harmony is one of the standard works in the literature of the subject. His other great work, on which he spent, it is said, nearly thirty years, is A New Literal Translation from the Original Greek of All the Apostolical Epistles, with a Commentary and Notes, philological, critical, explanatory, and practical, 4 vols., 4to. McKnight on the Epistles is also one of the standard works which every theologian wishes to have in his library. Neither of these works is exhaustive or final. The science of hermeneutics has made great advances since McKnight's day. Yet they are works of great ability and of original research, and no interpreter even now can safely pass them by as superseded.

REV. JOHN WILLIAMS, LL. D., 1726-1798, a learned Dissenting minister, was for forty years settled over a congregation at Sydenham, Kent. He published A Concordance to the Greek Testament; Thoughts on Subscription to the Thirty-Nine Articles; Free Inquiry into the Authenticity of the First and Second Chapters of St. Matthew; On the Origin, and the Most Natural Method of Teaching the Languages; The Tradition Concerning the Discovery of America by Prince Madog ab Owen Gwynedd.

DAVID WILLIAMS, 1738-1816, was born near Cardigan, in Wales. He was a Dissenting minister, and preached in various places. In 1773 he established an Academy at Chelsea. In 1776 he opened an independent chapel in London for public worship, to which all were invited "who acknowledged the being of a God and the utility of prayer and praise;" in other words, a church for religious Deists. It maintained a feeble existence for about four years. In 1788-9 he founded the Royal Literary Fund. His chief publications were: Lectures on the Universal Principles and Duties of Religion and Morality, 2 vols., 4to; Apology for Preferring the Religion of Nature; Essays on Public Worship, Patriotism, and Projects for Reformation; Sermons on Religious Hypocrisy; Nature and Extent of Intellectual Liberty; Lectures on Political Principles; Lectures on Education, 4 vols., 8vo; Claims of Literature, giving an account of the origin and objects of the Literary Fund, etc.

HENRY HUNTER, D. D., 1741-1802, a native of Culross, Scotland, was pastor of the Scotch Church, London Wall. Hunter published, 1783-1802, seven volumes of Sacred

Biography, which were at one time extremely popular; also translated several works from the French, and published one or two volumes of Sermons, and one volume of Lectures on the Evidences of Christianity.

JOHN HEY, D.D., 1734-1815, was a learned clergyman of the Church of England, and Professor of Divinity at Cambridge. He published An Essay on Redemption, a Seatonian prize poem; Lectures on Divinity, 4 vols., 8vo; Discourses on Malevolent Sentiments; General Observations on the Writings of Paul.- RICHARD HEY, LL. D., barrister-at-law, a brother of the preceding, was likewise a man of great learning. He wrote The Captive Monarch, a Tragedy; Edrington, a Novel; Civil Liberty and the Principles of Government; Dissertations on Gaming, Duelling, and Suicide; Happiness and Rights, in answer to Tom Paine.

Horne.

GEORGE HORNE, D. D., 1730–1792, an eminent divine of the Church of England, belonging to what is known as the Hutchinsonian school of theology, published a valuable Commentary on the Psalms.

Horne was Vice-Chancellor of the University of Oxford, Dean of Canterbury, and Bishop of Norwich. Besides several controversial works, in favor of Hutchinson and against Sir Isaac Newton, Adam Smith, Law, Kennicott, Priestley, and others, he wrote Letters on Infidelity, in reply to Hume, and A Commentary on the Psalms. The work last named is his best, and is in high favor, even to this day.

"His Commentary on the Psalms is his capital performance, and the one by which he will be known so long as piety and elegant learning are loved in England. It is altogether a beautiful work. The preface is a masterpiece of composition and good sense. The exposition implies more learning and research than it displays; and the views of Christian doctrine contained in it are generally very correct. Perhaps he carries his applications to the Messiah and his Church occasionally rather far; but this is less hurtful than the opposite extreme, which has more generally been adopted." -Orme's Bibl. Bib,

JOSEPH MILNER, 1744-1797, a learned scholar and divine of the English Church, besides several works of less importance, published A History of the Church of Christ, in 5 vols., 8vo, which has been often printed, and which has led to much discussion.

"If Mosheim's Ecclesiastical History has been, a little too epigrammatically, styled the History of Sinners, that of the late Dr. Milner has been as concisely called the History of Saints. But the latter is a learned and valuable work, dashed though it may be with some little spice of Calvinism." - Dibdin.

"Of the two most popular compilers of church history, Mosheim gives the mere husk of history; Milner, nothing but some separated particles of pure farina."-Isaac Taylor.

WILLIAM NEWCOME, D. D., 1729-1800, Archbishop of Armagh, in Ireland, is well known by his Harmony of the Gospels, and by his various writings on the subject of a new revision of the English version of the Scriptures.

Besides the Harmony, he published the following works: An Attempt towards an Improved Version, a Metrical Arrangement, and an Explanation of the Prophet Daniel and of the Twelve Minor Prophets; An Historical View of the English Biblical Translations; An Attempt towards Revising an English Translation of the Greek Scriptures; The Chief Difficulties in the Gospel History respecting Our Lord's Resurrection; The Duration of Our Lord's Ministry; Observations on Our Lord's Conduct as a Divine Instructor, etc.

Newcome's Gospel Harmony was a most valuable contribution to the literature of this subject. His labors towards a revision of the translation of Scripture have also been very useful in keeping the attention of scholars awake to this important subject.

JOHN PARKHURST, 1728-1797, is chiefly known by his Hebrew and English Lexicon, and his Greek and English Lexicon to the New Testament. Both are faulty and are now superseded, but they had a great run in their day. Besides his Lexicons, Parkhurst wrote A Serious and Friendly Admonition to John Wesley, in opposition to the doctrine of assurance; and The Divinity and Pre-Existence of Our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, in reply to Priestley. Parkhurst was of the Hutchinsonian school of philosophy.

BEILBY PORTEUS, D. D., 1731-1808, a dignitary of the English Church, for a long time Bishop of London, is held in great respect by Christians of every name. A collective edition of his works has been published, in 6 vols., 8vo. The best known of his writings are the following: Lectures on Matthew; Sermons on Several Subjects; Life and Character of Archbishop Secker; Charges, Tracts, etc.; Summary of the Evidences of Christianity. Bishop Porteus's Lectures on Matthew, and his Sermons, were popular far beyond what is usual in such publications, and each of them has gone through twenty or more editions.

Bishop Hurd.

RICHARD HURD, D. D., 1720-1808, a learned Bishop of the English Church, is favorably known by his various works as a classical and biblical critic and commentator.

Hurd was a native of Staffordshire, and was educated at Cambridge. His principal works are: Commentaries on Horace's Ars Poetica and the Epistola ad Augustum, Dialogues on various abstract and political subjects, An Introduction to the Study of the Prophecies concerning the Christian Church, a collection of Sermons, and a Life of Warburton.

"Hurd has perhaps the merit of being the first who in this country aimed at philosophical criticism, he had great ingenuity, a good deal of reading, and a facility in applying it; but he did not feel very deeply, was somewhat of a coxcomb, and having always before his eyes a model (Warburton) neither good in itself nor made for him to emulate, he assumes a dogmatic arrogance, which, as it always offends the reader, so for the most part stands in the way of the author's own search for truth." - Hallum.

WILLIAM ROMAINE, 1714-1795, a divine of the Church of England, educated at Oxford, came first into notice by an attack upon Warburton's Divine legation of Moses, which involved him in a controversy with that pugnacious prelate. He was a zealous and fearless preacher, and held several important offices in the Church. His chief works are the following: The Life of Faith; The Walk of Faith; The Triumph of

Faith; The Scriptural Doctrine of the Sacrament of the Lord's Supper; Essay on Psalmody; Discourse on the Law and the Gospel; The Lord our Righteousness, etc.

RICHARD WATSON, D. D., 1737-1816, a learned Bishop and theologian of the Church of England, is known chiefly by An Apology for Christianity, in reply to Gibbon, and An Apology for the Bible, in reply to Paine.

Watson was born at Haversham, and educated at Cambridge. He was Professor of Chemistry there, and afterwards Regius Professor of Divinity. Besides several works on Chemistry, and the two works which have already been named, he published a collection of Theological Tracts, 6 vols., 8vo, selected from various authors, and intended for the use of theological students. Watson's Theological Tracts have an excellent name, and have had an extensive circulation.

JOHN FLEETWOOD, an English theological writer, published The Christian Dictionary, and The Life of Christ. The latter has had a large sale.

REV. RICHARD CECIL, 1748-1810, a clergyman of the English Church, was celebrated as an evangelical preacher. Works: Life of Rev. John Newton; Life of Rev. W. B. Cadogan; and Life of John Bacon; Sermons; Remains.

REV. CHARLES BUCK, 1771-1815, is known by two works which have had a very large sale, both in England and America: Religious Anecdotes; and Theological Dictionary.

REV. ANDREW FULLER, 1754-1815, was a Baptist divine of great eminence. His writings are chiefly in defence of the Calvinistic system of theology.

The following are his principal works: The Calvinistic and Socinian Systems examined and compared; Socinianism Indefensible; The Gospel its Own Witness; The Backslider; Discourses on the Apocalypse; The Harmony of Scripture; Expository Discourses on Genesis; Dialogues, Letters, and Essays on Various Subjects, etc. His complete works, 3 vols., 8vo, have been issued by the American Baptist Publication Society.

ALEXANDER GEDDES, 1737-1802, was a Catholic divine, with a high reputation for learning and diligence.

Geddes undertook to give a new translation of the Scriptures, with critical notes; but his commentary was so tinctured with infidel glosses that he was suspended from the priesthood, and the work was discontinued.

REV. JOSEPH BERINGTON, 1743–1827, was a Catholic clergyman, and a writer of some note.

His chief publications were: A Letter on Materialism, in reply to Hartley; Immaterialism Delineated; The State and Behavior of English Catholics, from the Reforma. tion till 1780; Address to the Protestant Dissenters; An Exposition of Roman Catholic Principles, with reference to God and the Country; On the Depravity of the Nation, with a View to the Promotion of Sunday-Schools; The Rights of Dissenters from the Established Church; History of the Lives of Abelard and Heloisa; History of the Reigns of Henry II. and of Richard and John; The Literary History of the Middle Ages. The work last named is the one best known and of most general interest.