The Economic Value of Higher Education

ability accounting adjustment amount analysis applied approach attend authors average benefits calculated California Chapter choice community colleges compared conclusion considered continued contribution Corrected costs decision decline dependent direct dollars earnings economic effect employed enrollment equal estimates evidence examined example expected expenditures factors families females figure findings gains graduates grant aid Grants greater growth high school higher education impact important included income increase individuals institutions investment less levels loans low-income lower males mean measure meta-analysis method multipliers noted opportunity overall participation rates percent percentage persistence Population probably programs progressivity question range rates of return reason received recipients reflect Regression relatively reported sample share social social rates Source spending standard statistical student aid studies subsidies suggests survey Table tuition Type University vary wealth