may have learned is soon forgotten and supplanted by evil. Uncivilized Indians are eminently children, and after civilization and Christianity have been made to take root among them, these highest virtues can only be kept alive and in vigorous growth by the constant presence and culture of active, zealous, Christian teachers. This truth is strikingly illustrated by the past and present status of the Indians of the different reservations belonging to this agency. As has been shown, upon the Puyallup Reservation, where the Indians have for years had the constant presence and active efforts of zealous, Christian teachers, civilization and Christianity have taken root and have vigorous life and growth.

Upon the Chehalis Reservation, in 1872, after I took charge of the superintendency of Indian affairs of this Territory, I had good boarding-school buildings constructed and a good school under efficient teachers started, which with other employés was kept in operation there till June, 1875, when for want of funds the school and all employés there were discontinued. During that time, civilization and Christianity commenced taking root among the Indians of that reservation. They commenced cultivating larger patches of ground and to discard their vices and heathenish rites. A Methodist church of over 40 Indian members was organized, and a Sunday-school, and for a time there was considerable manifestation of Christian life and zeal among them. But active decadence in civilization and Christianity commenced with the discontinuance of the school and employés. Agricultural products of the reservation rapidly diminished, gambling, superstitions, and other vices revived; the Christian seed sown proved to have fallen by the wayside and on stony ground, and all traces of the church organization soon disappeared, "and their last state is worse than the first." As there never have been any employés on either the Nisqually, Squaxin, or Shoalwater Bay Reservations since I took charge, there has been no change among the Indians belonging to these reservations from their native barbarism, except that they all wear clothing like the whites; some of them cultivate patches of land and have a few cattle, and many indulge in the white man's vice of gambling, drinking, use of tobacco, and incontinence in other matters. Either inertia or decay in morals and numbers is with the Indians belonging to all of said four reservations; and such is the case with the Indians of every reservation on this coast where there are no missionaries or government employés. All experience demonstrates the fact that it is just as impossible for Indians to civilize themselves without teachers as it is for white children to culture themselves in Christianity and knowledge without parents or teachers.

The only Indian school within the limits of this agency is the industrial boardingschool at the Puyallup Reservation. By the direction of the department last year this school was limited to 25 boarding pupils. This was unfortunate, as 50 boarding pupils could be accommodated in the school buildings there. This last-mentioned number is only about half the Indian children of school age belonging to the Puyallup Reservation, all of whom ought to be passing through the civilizing mill, the industrial boarding-school. Within the limits of this agency there are fully 200 Indian children of school age, seven-eighths of whom are growing up in the ignorance and barbarism of their parents. Who is responsible for this? Surely not these children, or their poor, ignorant parents.

RECOMMENDATIONS.

1st. That ample provision be made for the compulsory education of all Indian children within the limits of this agency, at one or more industrial boarding-schools. This provision might be made at the Puyallup Reservation by additions to the boardingschool buildings there, so as to accommodate, say, 150 pupils; and by fitting up the boarding-school buildings at the Chehalis Reservation to accommodate 50 pupils. The buildings at the last-named reservation are sufficient in capacity to accommodate 50 pupils if properly fitted up.

2d. If no school is to be allowed at either the Chehalis, Nisqually, Squaxin, or Shoalwater Bay Reservation, I would recommend the discontinuance of said four reservations, after giving titles to all Indians on said reservations for the lands upon which they have made permanent Lomes and improvements and substantially complied with the homestead laws; and that the residue of the lands of said reservation remaining after the granting of said titles be appraised at their fair value and sold to the highest bidders, at not less than their appraised value, on ten years' credit, one-tenth payable in hand and the balance payable in nine annual payments, with interest at the rate of s per cent. on deferred payments. The money thus obtained to constitute a school fund for the support of the one or more industrial boarding-schools. All Indians not owning lands on or off the reservations to be moved to some reservation where their children could have the benefit of a school, and adult Indians the benefit of Christian instruction in morals and direction in their industries.

3d. That titles of such a character as may be thought best be speedily given to all Indians who have taken claims on reservations and inade permanent homes and im

provements thereon. This is a matter I have urged so often in annual and monthly reports, and in letters, and the department must be so well informed as to my views thereon as to render it superfluous to say more on this subject at present. (See Report Commissioner Indian Affairs for 1877, pp. 190, 191, and 193; for 1876, pp. 137, and 138, and for 1872, pp. 329 and 330.)

4th. That the criminal laws of this Territory be extended over all reservations and Indians the same as over the whites. Also the civil laws, except as to taxation.

5th. I again call attention to "the blunder in the Medicine Creek treaty" mentioned in my two last annual reports, and ask that in some way it be rectified. (See Report Commissioner Indian Affairs for 1877, p. 194, and for 1876, p. 138.)

I have the honor to be, very respectfully, your obedient servant,

R. H. MILROY, United States Indian Agent.

The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

REPORT OF M. G. MANN, TEACHER ON PUYALLUP RESERVATION.
PUYALLUP INDIAN RESERVATION, WASH.,

August 10, 1878.

SIR: The industrial boarding-school has been maintained on this reservation since July 1, 1877, at which about 30 scholars were in attendance. It is but justice to them to say that they learn well, and that they have made commendable progress in writing, reading, and arithmetic, and they have demonstrated the fact that Indian children have capacities very little inferior to white children. The great drawback to their more rapid advancement, and, indeed, to that of the whole Indian race, is their addictedness to use their native language. The teacher has lately made such rules and inaugurated such measures as will tend to entirely exclude their language in social intercourse. The school and the church have been the centers of civilization, progress, and light, radiating throughout, and extending to the most distant and darkest corners of the reservation.

The Indians have made an advance all along the line this year. They are materially more prosperous than they have ever been before in houses, cattle raised and bought, in lands cleared and cultivated, and their efforts during the past year give proof that they intend to derive their subsistence chiefly from the products of the soil.

Of their own accord they have done away with all manner of gambling, and they. have condemned and abolished the practice of making tamanamous or incantations and other beathen rites heretofore used in cases of sickness. They now entirely depend upon the limited supply of medicines dispensed to them from the dispensary at the school.

At this time while the country is troubled and startled on account of the atrocities committed by hostile Indians east of the Cascade Range of mountains, our Indians are plying their peaceful vocations, or rather are making war on their forests, clearing their lands and cutting their hay.

The Payallup tribe is decidedly on the increase, due to immigrations from affiliated tribes and to the increased number of births in excess of deaths during the past year. The Indians care very little now for their tribal relation, and are independent of each other, each family living by themselves upon their allotments of 40 acres, which they all cultivate to some extent.

A bona-fide title to their lands cultivated by them as their homesteads, and they themselves citizenized, would at once transform them from being aliens and from the danger of being enemies into sure friends of our government.

I have the honor to be, sir, respectfully, your obedient servant,

General R, H. MILROY,

M. G. MANN,

Teacher.

United States Indian Agent.

QUINAIELT INDIAN AGENCY, Washington Territory, August 5, 1878.

SIR: In compliance with instructions, I very respectfully transmit the following report for the agency for the year ending June 30, 1878. Having taken charge of the agency on the 1st of April, I can only report from that date.

The agency is located at the mouth of the Quinaielt River, 30 miles north of Gray's Harbor, and is probably the most inaccessible and isolated agency under the govern

ment. I presume the agency would have been located farther up the coast had not an impassable mountain prevented the locating party from going farther by land, and they were too timid to venture on the ocean.

There are about 12 acres of land partly cleared here, and on this are the agency and school building, boarding-house, and stables, and the larger part of the Indian homes. All of the land suitable for cultivation is used for gardens and raising vegetables; the balance is meadow and pasture. Two and a half miles up the river are a few acres partly cleared that are used for meadow and pasture. There is so much felled timber, stumps, and brush on this land that it is impossible to use it for other purposes, except two acres that we have managed to plow and plant vegetables. All of the hay is carried on poles to the river, loaded into a scow and boated to the agency. I have made no effort to raise any grain, nor do I think it can be raised in paying quantities so near the coast. The vegetables indicate a better growth than I anticipated. I estimate the harvest at 900 bushels, divided as follows: Raised by the government 250 bushels, raised by the Indians 400 bushels, raised by the school 250 bushels. The work done by the school is all under the supervision of the teacher, to whom the credit is given.

The Indians are not disposed to labor, not even for themselves, at any useful employment unless they are paid for it. To induce them to clear some land suitable for cultivation, I had to pay them $20 per acre and give them the land to cultivate when cleared. I have by this arrangement got the timber cut on 12 acres, which will be cleared as soon as it dies enough to burn well.

I have visited the Queets Indians, located 20 miles north of the agency, and have induced them to clear 6 acres on the terms given the Indians here. The Hohs are still farther up the coast. I have not had time to visit them. They are raising some vegetables on Destruction Island. The Quillehetes insist on being returned to this agency. They are frequently here and cannot be made to understand why they were transferred to Neah Bay. There is tillable land enough along the rivers on this reservation to give a small farm to every male Indian belonging to this agency and if the Hohs and Quillehutes could be induced to come on to the reservation they could be well provided for.

But very little has been accomplished in educating and civilizing these Indians. They adhere to their superstitions and traditions with the greatest tenacity. The adults will not give them up, and the education of the children is the only way to eradicate the evil.

I have given the school some attention and have added 16 scholars that attend regularly, making a total of 30 now in the school. More could be added if they could be cared for, but with our present help no others need apply. The assistant teacher performs the duties of matron and cook and makes all the clothing for the girls and a part for the boys. The salary is $200 per annum, nearly enough to pay her board. I have asked to have it increased to $400, but as the reduction of salaries is now the order of the day there seems little prospect of a fair compensation being allowed the assistant teacher. If she should resign the school would close, as no other assistant could be induced to take the place at the present salary.

There is but a limited amount of supplies for the school now on hand. The order of June 14, directing me to purchase $765.75 in supplies, reached me on the 3d of July. As the funds were only available for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1878, I could not make the purchases as directed, and I deposited the funds to the credit of the Treasurer of the United States in the First National Bank, Portland, Oreg. It is important that supplies be furnished as soon as possible, for when the winter storms commence on this coast there is great danger in shipping supplies across Gray's Harbor, and great difficulty in hauling from the harbor to the agency.

This agency is assigned to the care of the Methodist Church, and I had supposed the church would aid as far as possible in civilizing and educating the Indians, but I find that collecting assessments from the employés (who have been so fortunate as to get places here) to aid in sustaining a church at Montisano (70 miles from here) has been of greater interest to those in charge than the welfare of the Indians. This has been a reversal of the object intended by the government, and the Indians have aided the church instead of the church aiding the Indians.

None of the Indians here have any knowledge of mechanism, except in making bows and arrows, and digging out canoes. I have no permanent mechanic except the carpenter to instruct them, and he has very little to do in the shop or in building. His work is generally repairing houses and fences, and assisting in the farm work, and showing the Indians how to cultivate their lands. An apprentice would learn but little while working with him. If building material could be furnished to build houses for the Indians, then apprentices would have an opportunity to learn something, but as there is no lumber to be had except what is gathered on the beach, the chances for building are very limited.

There have not been any indications of trouble since Congress adjourned. The Indians are satisfied that no effort will be made at present to consolidate or transfer

them to the War Department, and there will be no trouble with them so long as the subject is not agitated in Congress, and all treaty obligations are observed by the government. They had sense enough to make a treaty, and they have sense enough to know when the treaty is violated. They have great love and veneration for their homes, and the graves of their kindred and friends; any attempt to move them forcibly would cause trouble. This reservation is worthless for white settlements, but a paradise for these Indians. Fish and game are abundant, and while they last the Indians will be happy and contented.

Very respectfully, yours,

The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

OLIVER WOOD,

Special United States Indian Agent.

S'KOKOMISH AGENCY,

Washington Territory, August 20, 1878.

SIR: I have the honor herewith to transmit my eighth annual report of the affairs under my charge belonging to this agency.

By the favor of the Allwise Ruler we have had a year of quiet and prosperity. The sanitary condition of the Indians has been reasonably good; the schools have been successful and encouraging, and although the financial distress which has swept over the country has affected them to some extent, yet they have not suffered for want of food or clothes in consequence. It may seem strange to speak of the Indians as at all affected by the financial condition of the country, but it is a fact that they are so far advanced in the arts of civilized life that they earn their living as whites do by their labor, and when that is scarce or wages are low, their condition is affected as really as any other class of people.

Their condition might have been less affected by the ebullitions of trade had they more land cleared so as to gain more of their living from their farms; but the want of individual titles and their liability to be moved from their present homes to some other reservation has had such a discouraging effect upon them that they could not be induced to clear any more land than white men would have done under the same circumstances, and so they have to depend as yet largely upon outside work for means to procure the necessaries of civilized life.

Early last fall they had reason to believe that patents would soon be given them, and for a time were greatly elated, but soon after their hopes were again cast down by the news that a different policy had been recommended by the department. Some at that time abandoned their lands, the improvements upon which were worth hundreds of dollars, and went out on to the public domain and took up new lands away from their relatives and friends, and commenced anew to hew out homes for themselves which will not be subject to the changes incident to reservation life; but the greater part of them still hold on to their homes, hoping yet to be recognized and protected in the benefits and enjoyment of them.

Morally they are improving from year to year. There is less drinking and more industry. The stringency in the money market has cut off part of the supply of small change which the worst of them have, so that they have not had the means to gratify their appetites which they have sometimes had, and these circumstances, taken in connection with their growing appreciation of the evils of intemperance, have caused a considerable advance to be made by them in this respect during the past year.

In the matter of schools, there has been evident progress during the year. The one at the agency has been quite interesting. The teacher reports an attendance of 40 different scholars, with an average of 26 for the year. During the winter months these scholars are in school six hours a day, but during the spring and summer months they work one half of the day and study the other half. The past spring and summer they have, under the direction of the teacher, done the greater part of the farm-work at the agency, which has been raising about 6 acres of potatoes, turnips, and other garden vegetables, 3 acres of oats, and the cutting and housing of 60 tons of hay. By this arrangement the farmer has been released so as to devote much of his time to instructing the Indians in farm-work on their places.

Besides this one, in April last there was established a day-school at an Indian village 100 miles distant, which has surpassed my most sanguine expectations. At that place the Indians have secured by purchase a tract of 200 acres of land, divided it up and allotted it to the individuals who furnished the purchase money, have built comfortable lumber houses thereon, and live there, to the number of about 100. Of their own motion they have put up a small building, 16 by 26 feet, for a church and school-house; and a teacher having been furnished them, they have sent 31 scholars regularly to school, and the advancement made by their children in the acquirement of the rudiments of an education has been surprising. No community of white people could have

been more earnest and zealous in requiring the regular attendance of their children, neatly clad, and inciting them to study earnestly in order to get an education.

While, in some parts of this Territory, and more in the adjoining State of Oregon, many Indians have been engaged in hostilities, those belonging to this treaty have been ever and steadfastly peaceable and friendly in all their intercourse with their white neighbors, among whom they live upon the best of terms.

A building 24 by 50 feet has been put up at the agency, to be used for hospital purposes.

About 30 Indians have put into their houses this year planed floors and planed ceiling, and some half a dozen or more have papered their houses. These Indians now are a quiet, inoffensive, industrious, and, to a great extent, sober people. Their children, many of them, have the rudiments of an education, and, when grown up, would be as capable and deserving of the rights and privileges of citizenship as one-half that now enjoy the exercise of those franchises.

Among the freaks which some of them have taken the past year, has been their effort to become citizens under the naturalization laws, quite a number having taken out their first papers, under the impression that by so doing they would be secured against removal to some other reservation. However, the idea of becoming citizens is a subject in which they are becoming more and more interested; and the fact is that those who can read and write, who own land and other property, pay taxes, and live in comfortable homes as whites do, can have no good reason urged against their being so recognized.

Very respectfully submitted.

The COMMISSIONER OF INDIAN AFFAIRS.

EDWIN EELLS,

United States Indian Agent

TULALIP SPECIAL AGENCY,

Tulalip, Wash., August 23, 1878.

SIR: I have the honor to submit my first annual report of the condition of this agency. Upon my arrival here on the 6th of December, 1877, I relieved my predecessor, Mr. Edmond Mallet, and since have devoted my whole time to the affairs of the agency. The fact that I have been so short a time in charge must be my excuse for not presenting as full a report as might be desired.

I found the agent's house, as well as the houses of the Indians, in a dilapidated condition, and in fact wholly unfit for the purposes for which they are designed; repaired as they are now and inclosed by substantial picket fences, they present a neat and attractive appearance. The actual aspect of the agency, in approaching it from the bay, presents a scene of neatness and thrift which receives the commendations of the traveling public. The influence of these improvements upon the Indians themselves is very noticeable, and many of them have made considerable additions to their houses, and keep them in a neat condition.

Last year but little of any farming was done; this year we cultivated all that could possibly be plowed, and though considering the extreme dryness of the weather, we anticipate a satisfactory result.

The carpenter and blacksmith shops have been kept in operation, and have been of great service to the agency. From the want of an appropriation for the board and wages of Indian apprentices, none have been taught, but since the 1st of July of this year funds have been provided, and I shall now be successful in inducing the young men to learn those trades.

The saw-mill has been repaired and put in good running order; an addition has been completed for a planing-machine, which is now successfully used, and proves to be one of the greatest acquisitions to this agency, as it enables us to manufacture all the lumber needed.

A new wharf has been erected, but not completed as it should be, for want of lumber. It will be planked when there will be sufficient water to run the saw-mill.

The boarding-schools pertaining to this agency have been remarkably successful during the past year, and the daily average attendance has been 56. The influence exerted on the Indian people by the schools is marked and incalculably great. After the church the school is the great civilizing element here. Those who have been brought up in the school now form a considerable element of the population, and as they have abandoned all the Indian habits and customs, in a greater or lesser degree, they form a separate class from the old Indians. Their houses are neater, their partners and children better dressed, their gardens better cultivated, they work more steadily; in short, they are a better class of the Indian community, nor are their examples entirely lost on the old Indians.

The schools are now under the supervision of the Sisters of Providence, and too much