esprit de corps of the Army and their sense of duty to the country could be relied on to work with equal fidelity and produce similar results. When the missions were broken up by the Mexican Government under Santa Anna, the Indians were dispersed to the great valleys of the Sacramento and San Joaquin and the Sierra Nevada Mountains. Before our occupation of the country I found them there in great numbers. Every river had its rancheria and every little tributary or spring in the mountains had its village or family of Indians. Since our occupation they have disappeared.

I have dwelt upon this subject because I see it demands the early attention of the government. It is of the first importance to this and the bordering Territories. I am informed that, for cause, the Apaches on the San Carlos Reservation, and the Pimas on the Gila, are in a discontented and angry temper. It is reported that the game in the Hualapai country is gone and that many of those Indians are in danger of starvation this winter. This is a smouldering fire. These Indians have arms and know how to use them well. If an outbreak should occur, there would certainly be great loss of life in this Territory before it could be subdued. There is but little telegraphic or other easy communication, and the people are dispersed over a large area of mountainous country admirably suited to Indian warfare.

I have already adverted to the drawback which want of transportation has been to this Territory. By its situation Arizona is the natural gateway of commerce and travel between the States east of the Mississippi, and California and the Pacific Ocean. Fronting on Mexico it is in position to profit by any developments which may result from the awakened interest of our merchants and manufacturers in the trade of that country. You will remember that before our civil war Congress had directed examinations for an overland route to the Pacific, to be made on four different lines between the 32d and 46th parallels; and upon comparison of results by the War Department the 32nd parallel line was declared the best. A bill was accordingly framed adopting this line, and with a large grant of lands and money had already passed one House and was about passing the other, when events occurring in Texas were announced in Congress, and the line of the road thrown to the north. It is interesting to speculate on what might have been, had this southern line been already built before the war. True to the instincts of commerce the northern road has swept round through California and is entering Arizona from the west, while other great roads are converging into it from the east and north. Passing together through this gateway of Arizona the united roads will enter Mexico by a trunk line which will be nourished by ten millions of people and the sea at Guaymas, while its branches will penetrate the States. This is the commerce which is to develop Arizona, and a railroad connection with the seaport of Guaymas is a necessity to it. Any aid that Congress could be induced to give these railroad enterprises would be repaid manifold to the country in increased revenue from increased commercial activity and the opening of new branches of trade, especially for the rich products of Mexico, and in the great addition to the common wealth by bringing into use that which now remains locked up in the mines of this country.

With the object of increasing the water supply, I suggest for your consideration the employment of competent persons to examine the structure of the country, and make occasional experiments with the view of indicating to the people the situations and depths at which water, whether by artesian or other means, may be found. An expert

distinguished for extraordinary skill in this science procured water for the city of Constantine in Algeria, which is built on the summit of a lofty, rocky peninsula, 2,000 feet above the level of the Mediterranean, and is accessible on one side only; being on all others begirt by a ravine of sixty feet in breadth and of great depth, at the bottom of which flows the Rummel. This expert found water for the city just below one of the gates in the wall which surrounds it. He was also employed by the French Government to search for water in the plain of Chalons, where Napoleon III desired to form a large camp, and he succeeded in finding an abundant supply for the proposed camp of 60,000 men. Such a man might convert the deserts of Arizona into the rose-fields of Bulgaria. Coupled with this, measures might be adopted in the interest of the large mining population to be expected-the silver and gold farmersand as well in the interest of non-residents investing money here, which would spare much fruitless labor to the one and much fruitless expenditure of money to the other. In view of the great importance which this branch of industry is assuming, a moderate expenditure of money for the ends indicated, and half a million of dollars for common roads in the Territory, could be made with very happy results.

The progress of settlement in the territory south of the Gila River is said to be retarded by the condition of private land titles, which have remained unsettled since the acquisition of the Territory in 1854; now twenty-four years ago. Some legislation on this subject seems very im portant to close it, and the experience in California land-titles might suggest to Congress some mode of speedy settlement.

These are the principal points to which, in compliance with your re quest, I have ventured to call your attention. The measures suggested may not all be strictly in accordance with the former practice of the government, but neither are the conditions quite the same as in the previous history of this country. And it might be good statesmanship to meet new conditions by new precedents. This Territory is about equal in area to New York and all our New England States together, excepting Maine, and the labor to be employed in opening it out by rail and common roads, and in developing its wealth by the means suggested, would together give occupation to the 300,000 unemployed people who have not been able to find any field for their labor. Perhaps in this might be found at least a temporary solution of questions which have lately been forcing themselves on the serious consideration of the country.

To some of the old settlers in the Territory, I am indebted for valuable information. I have appended a note of interesting facts from Mr. A. O. Noyes, and I subjoin a letter from the law firm of Messrs. Fitch & Churchill, giving in brief a very clear view of the resources and needs of the Territory.

Valuable statistics which I am expecting from the southern part of the Territory have not reached me in time for this report.

I believe that I have not omitted any of the points referred to in your letter, and I will not add to the length of this paper by introducing others.

Later along I shall be better informed, and if from the reading of what I have written, any inquiry should occur to your mind, I can reply to it from fuller knowledge.

Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

Hon. CARL SCHURZ,

J. C. FREMONT, Governor of Arizona Territory.

Secretary of the Interior

PRESCOTT, ARIZONA, October 30, 1878. DEAR SIR: We have to acknowledge the receipt of your communication under date of the 17th inst., requesting us to furnish you briefly such information concerning the condition and resources of this Territory as was within our personal knowledge. We cordially indorse your suggestion that it will be of importance to the interests of Arizona to have her resources officially made known, and cheerfully place any information on the subject which we may possess at your disposal.

Generally we can conscientiously say that, in available mineral resources, our Territory is, in our opinion, unsurpassed by any section of the continent. After an extended residence in the mining regions of both California and Nevada, and such knowledge of the mines of those states as one must necessarily acquire in the trial of law cases concerning them, we are enabled to say that in point of the number of its silver and gold mines (including both quartz and placer mines) which now show evidences of permanency and richness Arizona far outstrips either California or Nevada, and the grade of the ores here is generally far higher than in any other place where we are acquainted.

In connection with this vast mineral wealth our Territory has an abundant supply of timber and sufficient arable land to supply its mining communities with farm produce of all kinds, nor can it be said that the agricultural capabilities of Arizona are limited to the extent of supplying its mines. There are numerous valleys so favorably situated, both with respect to climate and water supply, that both semi-tropical fruits and nuts and those of the temperate zone can be produced for exportation.

Our great want is capital to develop our numerous mines and reduce the ores therefrom, and to obtain and conduct the water upon, or mature some other method of working, our vast placer fields.

Until something in this direction shall be done, we have sufficient laborers of all kinds, skilled and unskilled, in the Territory.

We remain, very respectfully your obedient servants,

Hon. JOHN C. FREMONT,

Governor of Arizona.

FITCH & CHURCHILL.

REPORT

OF

THE GOVERNOR OF DAKOTA TERRITORY.

EXECUTIVE OFFICE, D. T.,
Yankton, December 16, 1878.

SIR Referring to your letter of the 9th of August last, I beg leave respectfully to report upon the topics suggested, so far as I have been able to obtain the desired information.

The Territory of Dakota is very large, being nearly four hundred miles square, or more than four times as large as the State of Ohio. The settlements are principally confined to three distinct localities as remote from each other as possible, and of very difficult and expensive communication with each other.

The settlements of Southeastern Dakota, in which is located the present capital, extend from Northeastern Nebraska mainly in a northern direction up the Big Sioux, the Vermillion, and the James Rivers. These settlements are extending north along the border of Northwestern Iowa and Southwestern Minnesota as far as Lake Kampeska, and as far west as the James River. Although the population is sparse at present it is rapidly filling up. Southeastern Dakota has a population at the present time of not less than 50,000, and probably 60,000.

Northern Dakota is settled, or rather settling, along the west bank of the Red River of the North, from Richland County, opposite Breckinridge, down to Pembina, on the line of the British possessions, crossing the Northern Pacific Railroad at Fargo, and extending west along the line of that road to Bismarck. Population, perhaps 40,000.

The other settlement is in the Black Hills, occupied mainly by a mining population, and containing a population at the present time of 10,000 at least, and probably 12,000.

I suppose it is about 350 miles in a straight line from Yankton to Deadwood. But the only feasible way of getting there involves travel of at least 900 miles, and an expense greater than the journey from Yankton to Washington, and requiring more time to perform it. The distance from Yankton to Pembina as the "crow flies" is at least 400 miles, and requires more time and expense than a visit to the capital of the nation. The three sections are not only remote from each other and of difficult access, but their interests are separate and not identical.

In a commercial point of view, Saint Paul and Duluth are the object ive points of Northern Dakota, while Chicago and Milwaukee will naturally drain Southeastern Dakota. Meanwhile the vast wealth of the Black Hills will swing to the right or left as it may best force itself out, or as railroad enterprise shall open a more direct way over which it may move. The great Indian reservation west of the Missouri River contains fifty-six thousand square miles, about the size of all Michigan, including both peninsulas. Of course this will prevent settlement, and tend to turn the business of the Black Hills to the south or north of itself.

Dakota has no public buildings, no military organization, and no arms. There really seems about the same necessity for three Territorial governments as there is for one. But as population increases they will soon