More expensive, commodious and ornate buildings are not only permissible but desirable where school sections can afford them. The plans indicate the minimum.

57. LIGHTING.

(a) The area of glass should be froin th to th that of the floor area. The windows should be placed to the left of the pupils desks only; they should be wide and set close together with narrow mullions in such a way as to provide for the distribution of light over the pupils' desks. Under no circumstances should windows be placed in front of the pupils: and dark blinds should be provided for windows in the rear of the room, where such windows exist.

(b) The lower window-sill should be about 3 to 4 feet from the floor and the window should reach to within 6 inches of the ceiling. The upper part of the window should be a transom hinged below, or the upper sash should be hung on pulleys, as well as the lower, for ventilation purposes.

(a) In a school room affording 200 cubic air feet space per pupil the air should be changed at least every six minutes. This cannot be done. without causing unpleasant drafts unless a combined ventilating and heating system be used.

(b) When ventilation and heating are not provided for in the one system, it is better to lower all the windows a sufficient distance than to lower one or two a much greater amount. By opening windows, by the use of window boards and by airing the room thoroly at recess or noon intermission the necessary effect may be accomplished.

(c) In all school rooms, the doors and windows should be widely opened at all recess intervals in order that they may be thoroly flushed with pure air.

59. HEATING.

(a) In rural sections where economy has to be carefully considered, a large stove surrounded by a sheet metal jacket closely fitted to the floor and around the door, separated from the rest of the stove by an air space, and rising up as high as the top of the stove, makes an excellent ventilating and warming furnace. Underneath the stove and shut off from the school room by the jacket should be an opening for the admission of pure, fresh air thru a large tin pipe or air-tight wooden duct running underneath the floor and thru the foundation, then turning up and terminating at least six or eight feet above the ground on the side of the house, the entrance to the duct being lateral and covered with a wire screen. The stove should be two or three times larger than one necessary to warm the room without such an air draught. When practicable, it should be at the north end of the room and opposite the teacher's desk, and have its pipe traverse the room at least 9 or 10 feet above the floor into the flue. The average temperature, six inches from the floor,should be 65 Fahrenheit (over 18 Centigrade). On a cold day the air cannot be kept pure without fresh incoming air; and this cannot be warmed without a very large expenditure of heat, necessitating a large stove and plenty of fuel. In such schools where incoming and out-going currents of air cannot be maintained as in the more expensive ventilating systems, the windows should be thrown open not only at every recess, but also when physical exercise is being taken. The evil effects of impure air are so insidious that even cautious teachers are apt to allow very serious injury to be inflicted on the general health of the school children without being aware of it.

(b) Better than a stove is a good furnace underneath the school room, care being taken to have the incoming air entering only thru an air shaft opening at least six feet above the ground. Even in a building with only one school room the

furnace has been found to be more economical in the long run as well as more comfortable than a stove. Altho the plans in Appendix A show stove heating, proper furnace heating is recommended as preferable. The furnace must be larger than one sufficient for a dwelling room of the same size; for the number of pupils in the school room vitiates the air many times faster than an ordinary family in a dwelling house. More air must be heated and allowed to pass thru the school room.

Slate, glass or an approved composition are the best materials. The blackboards should be placed on the walls opposite the windows. Under no circumstances should the surface be glossy. The bottom of the pupils' blackboard should be from 26 to 38 inches above the floor, according to the grade occupying the room, and should be about 3 feet in hight. The teacher's blackboard should be four feet in hight, and placed higher from the floor. Too much black in the room absorbs light.

Good quality erasers are necessary. The blackboards should have chalk-troughs immediately below them, covered over with removable wire netting in such a way as to allow the dust to fall thru into the trough, while the erasers and chalk are prevented from lying in the accumulated dust.

61. COLOR OF WALLS.

Light buff or oyster gray are recommended as the most suitable colors for the interior. No color from the red end of the spectrum should be selected.

It is essential that all seats should be comfortable in construction and of such a hight that a child's feet can rest easily and flatly on the floor. The rule is that the hight of the seat should be 2/7 the hight of the child. The angle of the slope of the desk and the

level of the floor should be the greatest possible, up to 45. The desk top should overhang front of seat about 2 inches. The hight of the desk should be about 3/7 that of the child.

(a) The best arrangement for seating is that of single desks and seats adjustable to the sizes of the pupils, as shown in the plans of schedule A. Next comes single desks and seats of assorted sizes. But where economy is essential, double desks and seats of about five assorted sizes serve very well, especially when, as in some patent forms, each seat moves automatically as the pupil sits or stands so as to give the fullest freedom in standing.

(b) Double seats should be arranged in three rows facing a wall in which there are no windows, the light falling entirely from the left and above. There should be a space of fully 4 feet between the front row and the teacher's platform, with at least 3 feet between the seats and the walls. The aisles should not be less than two feet and a half. In the school room, 56 (a), about 13 feet will be occupied by five ranks of desks and seats, three in each rank, each rank on an average requiring about two feet and a half; in 56 (b), about 18 feet in depth will be occupied by seven ranks, three in rank; and in 56 (c), about 23 feet in depth will be occupied by nine ranks of double desks and seats, three in each rank.

(c) Dimensions of the five sizes of double desks and seats:

63. Outhouses.

(a) It is required that separate and comfortable outhouses be provided, and kept in good sanitary condition, for the use of pupils of different sexes. Privy apartments must be kept thoroly screened against flies.

(b) A high and perfectly tight board fence should extend from the rear of the school house to near the rear of the grounds, on each side of which should be placed one of the houses. Their approaches should be protected by a suitable screen or hedge.

(c) A pail type of privy is advocated, a description of which is contained in a pamphlet, which may be obtained on application to the Provincial Health Officer, Halifax. The contents of the pails should be emptied at intervals of not more than three days, into trenches prepared for the purpose, and at once covered with loam and ashes. A plan of an outhouse suitable for about 225 pupils will be found in Appendix A. From a building such as this the night soil is easily removable in boxes at any time. Four seats per hundred boys, and three seats per hundred girls should be arranged for.

(d) If a vault privy be used, it should be carefully constructed of rich concrete and trowelled very smooth. In its construction, care must be taken that rain water or surface water will be excluded from the vault, and provision should be made for easy accessibility for purposes of cleaning. Each privy room should be provided with a tight box, which should be kept well supplied with dry loamy earth or gypsum or other absorbent and a suitable scoop. Such absorbent should be liberally shaken over vault contents at least once a day.

The night soil should be removed as early as possible in the spring, at the beginning of the