TABLE I.-PART 2.-Summary (A) of annual income and expenditure, &c.-Concluded.

Grand total 88, 618, 950 14, 809, 877 842, 956 46, 927, 474 11, 988, 122 81, 932, 954 173, 833, 545

a Value of school-houses.

In this summary is shown the large financial business transacted in connection with education in the country, representing a total income for the public schools of $88,648,950, and a total expenditure of $14,809,877 on account of buildings, furniture, libraries, and apparatus, $842,959 for supervision; for teachers' salaries, $47,927,474; for miscellaneous items, $11,988,122, and a grand total expenditure of $81,932,954, as far as can be reported; the total valuation of school property employed in this work is reported at $173,833,545. It will be noted that North Carolina has been unable to give school income for 1874 and 1875, and that Idaho, Washington, and Wyoming do not give it for 1875. The States of Delaware, Florida, Georgia, and Missouri, and the Territories of Idaho, New Mexico, Washington, Wyoming, and the Indian Territory, cannot give the expenditure for buildings; Delaware, Georgia, Illinois, Iowa, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nevada, New Hampshire, New York, North Carolina, South Carolina, and the Territories of Arizona, Dakota, Idaho, New Mexico, Washington, Wyoming, and the Indian Territory, do not report the amount paid for supervision; and Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Missouri, Oregon, and the Territories of Arizona and Idaho, and the Indian Territory, do not report the amount paid to teachers; while neither Delaware, Georgia, Missouri, nor Idaho, nor the Indian Territory, report the total expenditures; and Alabama, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Maryland, North Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, the Indian Territory, and the Territories of Idaho, New Mexico, and Washington, neither report nor estimate the money value of sites, buildings, and other school property. This is the business of dollars and cents in which all are expected to keep an account for themselves or their employers. Can educators do their work well and do less? It should at this point be remembered that Delaware has had a State superintendent for only a single year, and that there are not a few communities that select their school officers with the notion that anybody knows enough to manage schools. The absurdity and evil consequences of this opinion become conspicuous from a glance at these generalizations,

Miscellaneous.

if in view of no other consideration. But what shall we say of those who believe that these figures should not be collated, and school work thus corrected and stimulated throughout the land?

TABLE I.-PART 2.-Summary (B) of per capita expenditure.

It will be observed that Massachusetts expends $22, the highest sum, per capita to the school population, and Georgia $1.10, the lowest; that Arizona expends the most, or $42.41 per capita of pupils enrolled in the public schools, and Georgia, again, the least, $2.78. Here again it is seen that if we could fill out the two columns on the basis of population between 6 and 16, we should have a more satisfactory ground of comparison.

GENERALIZATIONS BY YEARS AND BY TOPICS WITHOUT REFERENCE TO STATES.

Statistical summary showing the school population, enrolment, attendance, income, expendi ture, &c., for 1871, 1872, 1873, 1874, and 1875, as collected by the United States Bureau of Education.

In the above table we have summaries as reported by the Bureau for the last six years on ten items relating to public education throughout the country. They are worthy the attentive study of friends of education. Any one in possession of these facts stands on vantage ground in any study of our social or educational systems. To understand their full import we need follow them through the several reports to the last details, but, without elaboration, they carry their encouragement and admonition to every teacher and school officer in the country.

SUMMARY OF EDUCATIONAL CONDITION IN THE STATES AND TERRITORIES FOR 1875.

NEW ENGLAND STATES.

Maine, from some cause unexplained, shows a decline in both her school population and the enrolment and attendance in the public schools. There was, from 1874 to 1875, a decrease of 3,742 in the number of scholars between 4 and 21; of 4,637 in the number registered in summer schools; of 1,990 in the number registered in winter schools; and in the average attendance on the two a mean decrease of 3,269. In the estimated value of school property, also, there is a reported decrease of $59,762, although there were 104 new school-houses built in 1875, at a cost of $110,725. To offset this, however, there appear to have been 70 more teachers employed in the less attended summer schools than in 1874, and in the winter schools 164 more; while in the whole amount expended for schools, free high schools not included, there was an increase of $91,684—facts that imply fuller teaching and better support of schools, notwithstanding diminished numbers in them. Two Kindergärten show 45 children in attendance. The normal schools report 548 students and 34 graduates.

In 157 free high schools there were, for the year, 13,469 pupils, which number, with 1,249 in academies and preparatory schools or departments, gives 14,718 in secondary schools, besides 267 in business colleges, 71 in women's collegiate classes, 335 in regular collegiate classes, 115 in agricultural college classes, 65 in theological, and 97 in medical. New Hampshire reports a decrease, from 1873 to 1875, of 1,123 in the number enrolled in public schools, and of 154 in the number of teachers for them; but an increase of 1,529 in the average attendance on public instruction, of $120,611 in the income for sustaining it, and of $243,537 in the expenditure upon it. One Kindergarten appears, with 14 attendants. In the State Normal School were 270 pupils, of whom 34 graduated. In secondary schools 10,514 students were reported, about one-half of them pursuing higher branches of study; while in Dartmouth College classes were 337, in her three schools of science, 113, and in her medical school, 84. The returns from the colleges for women are imperfect. In one business college were 333 students.

In Vermont, a comparison of the return for 1875 with the figures for 1874 shows an increase of 3,036 in the number of children of school age, and of 407 in the number enrolled in public schools, with an apparent decrease of 10,549* in the average daily attendance, of 396 in the number of teachers employed, and of $60,002.71 in expenditure for school purposes. The pupils in her normal schools in 1875 numbered 482; the graduates from them, 96. In 26 secondary schools 2,657 pupils were reported, 769 of them in higher studies, with no report from the State high schools. In regular collegiate classes appear 184 students; in women's college classes, 52; in agricultural college classes, 20; in those of the State medical school, 62.

In Massachusetts-except in the wages of teachers, which were in some places reduced -we find an advance along the whole line: 2,227 more persons of school age, 5,093 more enrolled in public schools, 6,613 more in average attendance, and 8,299 more over the school age attending the schools; all which is additional to 16,368 in evening schools and 16,650 in private schools. The number of public schools, too, increased by 126; the number of teachers by 501; the receipts for school purposes by $105,312.42; the expenditures on them, exclusive of those for erecting and repairing school houses, by *This is the difference between the 50,023 reported total average attendance in 1874 and 39,474 reported for 1875; but in the former number may possibly have been included the attendance in private schools as well as public.

$134,918.80. Ten Kindergärten report 167 pups. In five State normal schools there were 923 students, of whom 184 graduated, while in the normal art school 188 received instruction. In 63 incorporated academies were 7,594 pupils; and if the same ratio of attendance be allowed for 208 high schools reported, we get 25,064 more in these, making, with 2,426 in preparatory schools and preparatory departments of colleges, 36,642 in institutions for secondary training, not including 826 in business colleges. Then in regular collegiate classes were 1,618 students; in kindred classes for young women, 789, in the agricultural college, free institute of science, and institute of technology, 530; in theological studies, 326; in legal, the same number; in medical, 496; in charitable and reformatory schools, 1,952.

Rhode Island presents like encouraging statistics, showing, (if the same elements enter into the reports for 1874 and 1875,) an increase of 9,516 in school population; of 3,607 in the number enrolled in public schools; of 2,739 in average attendance; of 226 in the number of teachers employed, with a most gratifying augmentation of their monthly wages; while the receipts for the schools are $16,027 in advance of the preceding year and the expenditures upon them $73,792.21 in advance. The State Normal School had during the year 159 pupils, 26 of whom had previously taught. In secondary schoolsthe information in respect to which is exceedingly imperfect-there appear to have been about 2,000 pupils; in business colleges, 605; in regular collegiate classes, 255; in the State reformatory school, 197.

Connecticut holds nobly on her way, presenting an increase of 4,441 in the number enrolled in public schools, and of 4,334 in the number enrolled in schools of all kinds; though her school population was only 620 greater than in January, 1873. The percentage of enrolment in schools of all kinds reached, as respects school population, the extraordinary figure of 95.65, leaving only a percentage of 4.35 not enrolled in any school. Her receipts for public schools were $70,458 in advance of those for the school year 1873-74; her expenditures upon them, $220,131 in advance. With six fewer public schools, there were yet forty new school houses erected, and 19 more than in the previous year reported to be in fair or good condition. Two Kindergärten report 92 children in attendance. The State Normal School had 175 pupils for the year and graduated 50. In the high schools of Hartford and New Haven-the only ones from which there are any clear statistics-were 937 pupils; in other secondary schools reported, 2,272. In the three colleges were 908 collegiate students; in Sheffield Scientific School, 224 besides; in theological schools, 155; in the Yale Law School, 84; in the medical school, 42; in charitable, industrial, and reform schools, 1,097.

MIDDLE STATES.

In New York we find, notwithstanding a decrease of 13,772 in school population, an enrolment of 14,874 more in public schools than in 1873-74, with an increase of 16,610 in the average attendance; an increase also of 391 in the number of teachers, with a slight advance in wages paid them; the expenditures for schools (less the amount on hand) being $512,274, in advance of 1874, and the value of school property $712,477 in advance. In the normal departments of her eight State Normal Schools, and in that for the city of New York, were 4,021 students,* of whom 394 graduated; in teachers' classes in academies were 2,044. Respecting secondary schools information is less definite; but in the academies and union schools reporting to the regents, and in the various classes of secondary institutions reporting to this Bureau, there appear to have been 62,393 pupils, of whom perhaps 20,000 may be safely held to have prosecuted classical or higher English studies, besides 2,919 in business colleges. Then in regular college classes were reported to this Bureau 3,171; in other classes for superior instruction of women 1,179; in schools of science, 876; in schools of theology, 1,010; in schools of law, 678; in schools of medicine, 2,390; in special schools, 17,101.

New Jersey reports an increase of 14,694 in the number of children of school age (5-18) of 5,339 in the enrolment in the public schools, and of 5,907 in the enrolment in private schools. She has increased by 51 the number of her female teachers, diminishing by *The statistics of the normal schools and teachers' classes are, for 1873–74, covered by the reports of the State superintendent and regents of the university, available when the abstract was made out.