schools with young and inexperienced teachers, who should spend several years at some normal school to obtain the first rudiments of a professional training."-(Report pp. 52-55.)

Cosmopolitan schools and foreign languages.-The whole number of pupils attending the cosmopolitan schools for the purpose of receiving instruction in German and French was 3,913, of which 1,181 studied French and 2,750 studied German. In the boys' and girls' high schools 246 pupils studied French, 101 studied German, and 14 studied both German and French. In the boys' and girls' high schools 111 pupils studied Latin, 40 studied Greek, and 40 studied both Latin and Greek. To instruct these pupils, 13 teachers were employed to teach German, 9 to teach French, and 1 to teach Latin and Greek. These schools are doing as good work as can be expected under their present organization. The present system of instruction will fail to make good pupils in either French or German so long as the study of the English branches requires so much of the pupil's time and energy. Children should be required to study and recite their lessons in geography, arithmetic, &c., in the foreign language which they desire to learn. This would give them the ability to think and express their ideas in these languages as well as in their own tongue.-(Report, pp. 55-57.)

Evening schools.-Whole number of pupils enrolled in the evening schools, 2,213; average daily attendance, 686; teachers employed, 23; general average of classes, from 30 to 50 pupils. Regulations provide for keeping these schools open eight monthsfrom September till May; but a sufficient number of classes is continued in session during ten months of the school year to accommodate all who desire to avail themselves of the advantages of evening school instruction. The four different evening schools are under the control of one principal, who has the general supervision of all the classes. These schools are composed of pupils of all nationalities and of all agesfrom twelve years old to gray-haired men and women-many of whom here learn their first lessons in reading and writing. Their circumstances in life compel them to labor during the day, so that they are wearied with toil and unfit for hard study. It is, therefore, no easy task for the teacher to instruct and interest them so as make the school room attractive and pleasant. But in spite of such difficulties these evening schools have for several years accomplished great good in educating a large class of young men and women who have not the time and means to obtain a liberal education in the day schools. (Report, pp. 57, 58.)

Colored schools. There were two colored schools sustained during the year, with a total enrolment of 97 pupils and an average daily attendance of 49.4. Number of teachers employed, 3. Daily average attendance to each teacher, 16.2. On the 3d of August of this year these schools were abolished and the pupils admitted to the other public schools. This change has been effected without any conflict of races among the juvenile population. The pupils of different races and colors are now seated in the same school-room and pursue their studies as quietly together as if they were children of the same family.-(Report, pp. 58, 59.)

Annual examination.-The annual examination of the pupils of the public schools was conducted almost exclusively by means of written questions prepared by the superintendent and deputy superintendent. They were framed with the view of testing the modes of instruction and the pupils' practical knowledge of the subjects taught, rather than to exhibit the technical knowledge of the examiner. The percentage for promotion was fixed at 70 per cent. for the first, second, third, and fourth grades, and 75 per cent. for the fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth grades. The large number of promotions shows that most of our teachers have done their work well and successfully.(Report, p. 59.)

School libraries.-The law provides that a certain proportion of all the money received from the State apportionment, amounting in San Francisco to about $4,000, must be set apart for the purchase of school libraries. This money is now all expended for reference books for teachers and for text books for indigent pupils. These text books are all placed in the library, and loaned to pupils whose parents are too poor to furnish them. They are collected at the close of the year, or whenever the pupils leave the school. There were at the close of the schools in May last, 5,707 volumes of text books for indigent pupils; 3,961 volumes of reference books for teachers, and 9,531 volumes of miscellaneous reading books for the pupils.-(Report, pp. 93, 94.)

Frivate schools. The number of private schools and colleges in San Francisco, according to Langley's City Directory for 1875, is about 100. In size and character these range through nearly every degree, from the little private family or home school of half a dozen pupils to the large and flourishing college, enrolling its pupils by hundreds. Of these the Roman Catholics maintain about one-fifth, while a considerable portion of the remainder either directly belong to or are managed in the especial interest of other denominations. The number of pupils attending private and church schools in June, 1874, as reported by the census marshals, was 6,181. This was a fraction less than one-tenth of the whole number of schoolable children in the city. The increase in the number of such pupils during the year, was 896, which was considerably greater, relatively, than was shown by the census and reports of public school attendance.

SAN JOSÉ.

Organization.-Here and in the other places named, there is believed to be, under the general State law in most cases, under special acts in others, a board of education for general care of schools, a city superintendent for special supervision of them, and a city board of examination for teachers.

Statistics.-Estimated present population, 14,000; children of school age, 4,136; enrolled in public schools, (besides 575 in private and parochial,) 2,958; average daily attendance, 1,302. School rooms used for study and recitation under charge of 1 teacher, in public primary schools, 22; in public grammar schools, 9; in public high school, 1; in private schools, 8; total, 40. Number of public school buildings, 8; of private, 3; sittings for study in public schools, 1,600. Teachers: males, 6; females, 27; total in public schools, 33; in private, not given. Wages of these: in primary schools, $75 a month; in grammar schools, $70 to $125; in high school, $100 to $150. Schools taught for 8 months. Receipts for public schools, $60,147.05; expenditures on them, $53,325.97. Estimated valuation of school property, $134,000.-(Special return to Bureau of Education, 1875, from Superintendent L. J. Chipman.)

OAKLAND.

Statistical summary.-Total number of census children, June, 1875, 4,749. The primary schools number 31 classes, taught by 31 female teachers, whose maximum salary is $100 and the minimum $62.50 per month. Total number of pupils enrolled, 2,173; average number belonging, 1,962; average daily attendance, 1,898.

The grammar schools number 23 classes, taught by 5 malé and 18 female teachers. The high school has 4 classes, taught by 2 male teachers, who receive respectively $200 and $150; and 2 female teachers, who receive each $100. Total number enrolled, 145; average number belonging, 135; average daily attendance, 133. The evening school has but 1 class, taught by 1 male teacher, who receives $60 per month. Total number of pupils enrolled, 48; average number belonging, 29; average daily attendance, 21. There is no separate school maintained for colored children; they attend the schools for the white children. The schools are maintained ten months in the year, except the evening school, which is maintained only three months. The current expenses for the school year ending June 30, 1875, were $79,299.63; the expenditures for building and furniture, $28,746.06; total expenditures, $108,045.69.

Truancy.-Treating of truancy, Superintendent Campbell submits a brief outline of a plan for the correction and prevention of it, and also of other offences, which are now punished by suspension and expulsion; (1) that there be established in a convenient locality an ungraded school of one or more classes; (2) that the school be put in charge of some man of acknowledged ability as an instructor and disciplinarian; (3) that habitual truants and those whose conduct is such as to be subversive of good order shall be remanded to the ungraded school; (4) that those who, during a specified term, shall give unmistakable signs of reformation, may, at the end of that time, be reinstated in the graded schools; (5) that those who still prove incorrigible be handed over to the police magistrate, who may commit them to the industrial school; and (6) that for the better carrying out of the system, the police officers be also known as truant officers, and their duties as such definitely specified. Mr. Campbell also discusses the half-time system, reference to which has been made elsewhere.-(Report of City Superintendent F. M. Campbell.)

SACRAMENTO.

Summary of statistics.-Number of census children, June, 1875, 4,112. Number of classes in the primary schools, 16; number of female teachers, 16; pupils enrolled, 895; average number belonging, 817; average daily attendance, 693; maximum monthly salary of teachers, $80; minimum, $50. Total annual expense of maintaining schools, $17,098.80. In the intermediate or second grade schools there are 14 classes; number of female teachers, 14; pupils enrolled, 756; average number belonging, 714; average daily attendance, 603; maximum salary paid, $85; minimum, $55. Total annual expense of maintaining schools, $14,961.45. Number of classes in grammar schools, 18; male teachers, 2; female teachers, 16; pupils enrolled, 827; average number belonging, 753; average daily attendance, 687; maximum salary paid male teachers, $175; minimum, $100; maximum salary paid female teachers, $100; minimum, $80. Total annual expense of maintaining schools, $18,885.72. There are in the high school 4 classes. Number of male teachers, 2; female, 2; pupils enrolled, 105; average number belonging, 101; average daily attendance, 97; male teacher's salary, maximum, $240; minimum, $100; female teachers, $100. Total annual expense of maintaining schools, $6,000. The evening school has 2 classes and 2 male teachers, one receiving $50, the other $40. Pupils enrolled, 65; average number belonging, 60; average attendance, 47. Total annual expense of maintaining school, $600. The colored school has one class, taught by a female teacher, at a salary of $100. Pupils enrolled, 53; average number belonging, 48; average daily attendance, 38. Total annual expense

of maintaining school, $1,250. The ungraded schools have 2 classes, taught by 2 female teachers, who receive each $100. Pupils enrolled, 109; average number belonging, 97; average daily attendance, 85. Total annual expense of maintaining schools, $2,300. All the schools, except the evening school, are maintained ten months in the year. The evening school is maintained from six to seven months. The teachers are paid by the month, not by the year, but only for the time actually taught by them.-(Report of City Superintendent A. C. Hinkson.)

LOS ANGELES.

Statistics. Total number of census children, June, 1875, 2,257. Primary schools, classes, 14; 2 male and 14 female teachers; maximum salary, $100; minimum, $80. Total annual expense of maintaining schools, $13,000. Intermediate and second grade schools, classes, 4; 1 male and 3 female teachers; salary, $100. Total annual expense of maintaining schools, $4,500. Grammar school, classes, 3; 1 male and 2 female teachers; salary, $100. Total annual expense of maintaining schools, $3,500. High school, classes, 3, taught by 1 male and 1 female teacher; salary of the former, $300 per month; of the latter, $125; total annual expense of maintaining schools, $4,500. Colored school, 1 class, taught by a male teacher; salary, $80 per month. Total annual expense of maintaining school, $1,000.

General notes. All the schools are maintained ten months in the year. No evening school has as yet been established. Mr. Lucky says there is as large a percentage of non-attendance in Los Angeles as in any other incorporated city in California, perhaps larger. The reason for this is found in the character of the population. The general condition of the schools is good. There is co-education in all classes and all grades; and on this point the superintendent remarks: "After an experience of thirtyfour years in teaching, thirty-one of which have been in mixed schools, I am fully convinced that the intellectual, moral, and social advancement of each sex is promoted by co-education." In regard to special schools for turbulent pupils, he says: "I do not believe such schools are necessary or practicable. I am fully convinced that any person competent to teach, can so interest pupils that they may be easily governed. Troubles in government arise more from incompetent teachers than from any other cause."-(Report of City Superintendent William T. Lucky.)

STOCKTON.

Statistics.-Number of census children, June, 1875, 2,053. Primary schools, 22 classes, taught by 15 female teachers; salary of each, $75 per month; annual expense of maintaining schools, $11,650. Intermediate or second grade schools, 5 classes, taught by 5 female teachers; salary, $80 per month; annual cost of schools, $4,400. Grammar schools, 6 classes, taught by 5 male and 3 female teachers; one male teacher receives $120 per month, the other teachers $90 per month; total cost of maintaining schools, $6,700. High school, 3 classes, taught by 2 male teachers, one receiving $200 per month, the other $170; annual cost of school, $3,800. Colored school, 3 classes, 1 female teacher; salary, $70 per month; annual cost of school, $725.

Notes.-All the schools are maintained ten months in the year. No evening school.— (Report of City Superintendent George S. Ladd.)

MARYSVILLE.

The evil of non-attendance is the greatest with which the public schools of Marysville have to contend. According to the report of the school census marshal, in June last, there were 431 children in the city who had not attended school at any time during the school year. Mr. Steel says: "The law enacted to enforce the educational rights of children so effectually guards against any encroachment upon the rights of parents that it utterly fails to accomplish the purpose for which it was enacted. In my opinion, the law should be so amended as to meet cases in which parents claim to be too poor to send their children to school. In such cases, I would have the State take possession of the children, feed, clothe, and educate them from 7 to 14 years of age.

"Notwithstanding the calamity by flood with which the city was visited, the people still continue to pay a liberal tax for the support of our city schools, and the popular interest in the cause of education has not in the least abated. Comparing the present condition of our schools with that of a year ago, the primary schools show the greatest advancement."

Statistics-Total number of census children, June, 1875, 1,057; primary schools, classes 10, taught by 1 male and 5 female teachers. Salary of male teacher, $100; maximum of female teachers, $30, minimum, $50. Annual cost of schools, $5,171. Second grade schools, classes 4, taught by 1 male and 1 female teacher, the former receiving $120 a month, the latter $90. Cost of schools, $2,579. There are 4 classes in the grammar schools, taught by 1 male and 1 female teacher, whose salaries are $150 and $110. Cost of maintaining school, $3,249. There is one class in the high school, taught by a male teacher, at a monthly salary of $180. Cost of school, $2,298. The colored school has

3 classes, and 1 female teacher at $75 a month. Expense of school, $892. All the schools are maintained ten months. No evening school has yet been established.

Half-time schools.-Mr. Steel recommends half-time schools as the best remedy for the evil of overcrowded school rooms. He adds, “In primary schools, pupils should be promoted from grade to grade on oral examinations, and in the higher grades on oral and written examinations combined."-(Report of City Superintendent Thomas H. Steel.)

SANTA CLARA.

General condition of the schools, good. The deportment of the pupils generally very good. Boys and girls go to the same school and recite and study together, but have separate playgrounds. The co-education of the sexes works most favorably, cultivating a desirable emulation and conducing to good morals and manners. The State course of study gives satisfaction. Number of census children June, 1875, 614. The total annual expenses of maintaining all the schools of the city are $7,000. The schools are kept open ten months in the year. No separate school for colored children and no evening school.-(Report of City Superintendent A. Madan.)

VALLEJO.

The course of study followed in the primary and grammar schools is about the same as that adopted by the State board. The high school course varies somewhat. Many boys from 14 to 17 years of age leave school to become apprentices in the navy-yard at Mare Island, or to enter on other employments, and but few graduate. No need for special school for turbulent children; skilful teachers are able to preserve good discipline. Number of census children, June, 1875, 1,636. Total annual cost of schools, $22,206. Schools open ten months. No evening or colored school.-(Report of City Superintendent J. G. Lawton.)

PETALUMA.

Primary schools report 12 classes, taught by 6 female teachers, receiving $60 per month as the maximum and $50 as the minimum. Total cost of maintaining schools, $3,350. Intermediate, or second grade schools, 5 classes, taught by 4 female teachers, at $55 per month. Cost of schools, $2,200. Grammar schools, 2 classes, taught by í male and 1 female teacher, the former receiving $125 per month, the latter $70. High school, 3 classes, taught by 1 male and 1 female teacher, the former receiving $150 per month, the latter $90. Annual cost of school, $2,229. Colored school, 3 classes, taught by 1 female teacher, receiving $45 per month. Annual cost of school, $450. All the above schools are maintained ten months in the year. There is no evening school.(Report of City Superintendent William Elder.)

TRAINING OF TEACHERS.

STATE NORMAL SCHOOL.

Board of instruction.-A principal, vice-principal, and seven teachers, of whom one is principal of the training school, one an assistant in the same, and one a teacher of vocal music.

Qualifications for admission.-For all, in order to enter the junior class, an age of 16 on the part of female applicants, of 17 on the part of males; for teachers, in addition, a valid certificate, State or county, of any grade; for those that have not taught, evidence of good moral character and of ability to pass an examination such as would be required to obtain a third grade certificate.

Statistics.-The average enrolment for the entire year has been 239; average attendance for the year, 234, over 98 per cent. of the average number enrolled. The graduating class numbered 45, the largest ever graduated in any one year, all having taken the full course of study and training required. Whole number of graduates, 378.

Of the school course, now occupying two years, the principal, Charles H. Allen, remarks: "The time allowed for our course of study is too short. Taking into consideration the large number of subjects upon which instruction must be given and the qualifications of those who come to us for instruction, it is impossible to secure as high a grade of scholarship as is desirable and at the same time to make them sufficiently familiar with methods of teaching to enable them to be successful in the highest degree." In view of these facts, he recommends that the time for the full course be extended to three years and that, to meet the great demand for teachers, an elementary course be established and an elementary diploma granted. A preparatory class has been kept up during the year, and has been nearly or quite self-sustaining. Mr. Allen thinks it should be continued and enlarged. The training school, also nearly self-sustaining, has been well patronized, and is of incalculable benefit to the pupils of the normal school. A considerable number of teachers have spent some time at the school for observation and instruction.

Apparatus and buildings.-The appropriation of $3,000 for apparatus and of $500 annually for library is being expended with great care. A very valuable collection of

shells, consisting of nearly 3.000 species, has been purchased. The school is now fairly organized and equipped in a fine building, large enough to furnish accommodations for all legitimate school exercises. The last annual commencement was held in the school building, with better accommodations than could be found elsewhere.

HOW TO OBTAIN TRAINED TEACHERS.

On this point, Mr. Bolander's recommendations are briefly these: That in the State University be established a school or faculty of education, with a four years' course of study; all students completing and passing a satisfactory examination in the first year's course, to obtain a life certificate, ertitling them to teach any primary or thirdgrade school in the State; the second year's course entitling them to teach any school in the State not above the intermediate or second grade; the third year's course entitling them to teach not above the grammar or first grade; the four years' course, entitling them to teach in any school in the State, including high schools, normal and training schools, and the educational college of the university, and making them eligible to the office of State superintendent and instructor of normal institutes. Mr. Bolander further recommends, that the course of study of the State normal school be conformed to the one just sketched, and that any high school or college, private or public, be authorized to establish a normal school department, with a partial or full course of study as heretofore prescribed, with certain provisions which he states. Also, that any city board of education, or county board of supervisors be authorized to establish city or county normal schools, with certain provisions also stated. Mr. Bolander further suggests that teachers' institutes be changed into normal institutes.

PROPOSED NORMAL SCHOOL FOR SAN FRANCISCO.

During the year 1874-75 the board of education elected 177 teachers to new classes, or to fill places made vacant by resignations or changes of teachers. During this same year 450 applicants for certificates to teach were examined by the city board of examination. Of this number, only 197 received certificates of qualification, and 250 failed; and of those obtaining certificates very few had ever received any instruction in the art of teaching or training in the practical duties of the school room. Until a successful normal school is established, there must needs be a great deal of indifferent work in the schools. It is not so much the fault of many young teachers that they do not do good work as it is that of the city in not providing them with the means of acquiring a professional education. Superintendent Denman recommends that the present board of education exercise the power intrusted to it by the authority of the State, and at once establish a normal school for the training of young ladies in the art of teaching. In connection with this normal school he also suggests a practice school for observation and for training teachers in the practical duties of the school room; the practice school being connected with and forming a part of the normal school, so that the theory of teaching imparted in the normal department shall be supplemented by the drill of the training classes.-(City report, pp. 43, 44.)

PRACTICAL SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS.

In his report, Superintendent Bolander devotes much space to some valuable suggestions for teaching the course of studies. He says: "The first care of a teacher must be, not to teach the contents of a text book the best way he can, but to winnow the chaff from the wheat. To do this his knowledge of the subject must be full and comprehensive, so that the text book shall be to him a book of reference only, to which he is never confined either in instructing or during recitation. By this means the pupils will soon come to know that the teacher's work is to teach and work with them. In the third grade the instruction should be all oral, and in all studies for which text books are provided oral instruction must almost constantly be employed to elucidate, amplify, and supplement the text book."-(Appendix to report on Course of Studies, &c, p. 15.

MENTAL DISCIPLINE.

This

Still addressing teachers, Mr. Bolander, speaking for the board of education, says: "The ultimate object of all education must be mental discipline, and not the mere acquisition of knowledge, which is simply the means by which the mental faculties and capacities are developed. Mental discipline depends upon mental labor. labor may be of two widely different kinds; first, the pupil may be simply required to understand, or seem to understand, the statement of the text book and of the teacher in oral instruction; or, secondly, the pupil may be required to rediscover for himself the knowledge of the text book. The former is, unfortunately, most usually, if not almost universally, the only labor imposed upon the pupil; and yet the latter is the only labor which can give that mental discipline which will truly educate the child. The teacher must have a definite end in view in every lesson he assigns from a text book; he must thoroughly understand the connection between it and the preceding, and also the succeeding, esson; and he must well weigh the steps the pupil must