form. The State was every thing-the People nothing. The Catholic missions taught implicit obedience. It is a remarkable fact, that during all the government of France in Acadia, not one printing-press was in operation!

A few years after, there came a band of religious men, a church of Protestant pilgrims, and settled New England at Plymouth. They came not as the agents of a Government, but almost in defiance of it; not with a love for the Power which drove them hither, but with a just hatred and abhorrence of it. They came with the love of liberty burning in their bones, and resolved to enjoy it or perish. They had no strong arm to protect them; they were neither rich nor poor. Amidst all their responsibilities and perils, they trusted in God, and their own right arm; not in British gold. In one hundred and fifty years the British inhabitants exceeded the French, twenty to one! The English, in 1759, swept over Canada, and took Quebec. Montcalm fell, and the French power departed. To pay the expense of his fall, England taxed her American Colonies. Boston rebelled. Massachusetts resisted the stamp act and the tea tax. The other colonies joined in refusing to be taxed without representation, and Lafayette came over to avenge the fall of Montcalm. Thus the conquest of Quebec, as Montcalm predicted before he fell, cost the British nation about all its other colonies!

Canada ought to be one of the United States, and at no distant day, I trust, will be. Republicanism must yet govern this whole continent. This is the "manifest destiny." Meanwhile, let a friendly, social, and commercial intercourse be established between conquered Canada and unconquered New England. This will propagate common sentiments and sympathies, and make us finally

one. I can but believe that the successful operation of the Atlantic and St. Lawrence Railroad will not only open a great thoroughfare of business, but prove a grand artery that will make one of two great communities. Last year, a large party of New Yorkers and Bostonians came to Montreal and Quebec on a visit. This visit was exceedingly acceptable to the Canadians, and they will never forget it. They speak of it often, and whenever they see a Yankee, seem to feel better acquainted with him on that account. Yesterday, another party from Boston - two hundred strong-arrived here; and the fact has thrown the whole city into an ecstasy. I verily believe, that all which is wanted is intercourse, friendly intercourse, to win Canada over to the States.

I do not think the ladies of Quebec are handsome — at least, I have seen none whose beauty consists in dress half so much as it does in New England. Generally, they are not at the trouble and expense of carrying about upon their persons through the streets and in other public places, a large and costly quantity of silks and jewelry for people to look and stare at as they exhibit themselves. I am told, however, there is one beautiful female body and mind in the city- the confessed belle of Quebec - the daughter of the Chief Justice of all the Canadas, Sir James Stuart. I have not seen her, nor her father, but expect to have this privilege soon; for to-morrow both Sir James and the Belle, with a son and servant, are coming on board our ship to take passage with us to London. They, with brother Preston, my son William and myself, will constitute the whole passenger party of the ship. The Judge is to have a cow brought on board for milk, and four fat wethers for fresh mutton, on the

way. I understand he is an intelligent, accessible, and much respected gentleman. The principal carriages in Montreal and Quebec are caleches, pronounced Calashes. They are like an old-fashioned, two-wheel chaise, without a top, having a seat for two passengers, and one cushioned stool, where the fender should be, for the driver. The springs and shafts and axletrees, are of wood, and that of the largest size. They would make excellent drays, only take the tub off. I rode around Montreal mountain, nine miles, in one of them, and glad enough was I to get out of it again. After landing from the ship here, we ride to and from the city in those uncomfortable vehicles. Occasionally, we find a handsome carriage; but generally see nothing more honorable for women to ride in about the city, than a Canadian wagon-body on two cart-wheels. A Yankee female would not be seen in one of them anywhere; but the Canadian ladies ride forth in them with as much nonchalance, and self-seeming, as if they were the head of creation.

Many dog-carts are to be seen all over the city; and often I notice a span of large mastiffs harnessed, carrying off a man, or a heavy load of something else. I saw one dog, the other day, backing a cart down Mountain street, loaded with a half barrel of something; and he obeyed the boy who drove him as promptly as a horse could have done.

The monument to Montcalm, in the Governor's Garden, is a noble structure. It is of hewn stone, very large at the base, and rising, I should judge, fifty feet high. On it is a long inscription in Latin. His body does not repose beneath it; but in a tomb under the French Cathedral.

Some idea of the navigation of Quebec may be inferred from the fact, that there are three hundred Pilots in commission, and that they all have business enough in the season. I cannot resist the impression that the Yankees would do well to load their ships here with lumber for England and the colonies. Our ships once acquired wealth for their owners by carrying timber to Great Britain from Wiscasset why not now from Quebec? There are thirteen large ships lying at Indian Cove, made fast to piers which are erected out in the river, in the neighborhood of our ship quite a nautical family; and most of them are so near us that we can converse from one to the other. Their names and places of ownership are as follows: — Lady Peel of Plymouth, England; Ronochon, Glasgow ; Eliza Ann, Glasgow; Arthur, Glasgow; Abigail, Poole, England; Affghan, Quebec; Caroline and Mary Clark, •Capt. Emerson, Waldoboro', Me.; Sophia, Glasgow; Adept, Glasgow; Michael Angelo, Wilson, Boston, Mass; Emily, Henderson, Thomaston, Me.; Ottaway, Glasgow ; New England, Manson, Bath, Me.

Capt. Manson's daughter, Ada,* is on board our ship, Capt. Emerson's lady is with him in the Caroline and Mary Clark, and Capt. Wilson, of the Michael Angelo, is an inflexible old bachelor, who has his home on board his ship, and a whole room filled with antiquarian curiosities and specimens of fine arts, which he has collected in Italy, Egypt, India, and elsewhere. He values his cabinet at many thousand dollars. He is a singular genius, an intelligent man, and a warm-hearted American SeaCaptain. He hails from Boston.

* Alas! sweet girl —she lived not to see her home again.

LETTER VIII.

QUEBEC AND ITS ENVIRONS

A DECK SCENE.

Ship's Mooring-Orleans Island-Plains and Falls of Montmorenci Higher than Niagara-Olympus-Trojan Heroes-House of Victoria's Father-Distant Mountains, Barriers of Civilization-St. Charles River -Charlebourg-Lorette-Point Levi-Churches-Walls of QuebecBusiness of the St. Lawrence-Protestant English Blood versus Catholic French Blood-The Great Battle on the Plains-Arnold's Expedition up the Kennebec-Anecdote of Gen. Chandler-Sir James Stuart.

BAY OF QUEBEC, JULY 1, 1851.

In this Letter, I wish to give my readers a more perfect view of Quebec and environs, than I have been able to do before, and to revive their recollections of some of the important historical events the scenes of which transpired in sight of the position where I write. These have a connection with American Independence, and should be preserved here. I may write, perhaps, at the hazard of repeating some few of the facts that have been glanced at in other Letters; I trust, however, that they will be so interwoven with additional incidents of relative interest, that the repetition will not be offensive, but useful and acceptable.

Fancy yourself, then, if you please, with me, upon the elevated, clean and almost polished poop- a promenade deck of eighty-one feet in length by thirty-four in width — of the good ship New England, which is nearly one thousand tons register. The air is calm and the skies are cloud