any falling off of enrollments. Rather it is expected that reports for 1935 will show material increases over 1934 in enrollments of adult workers.

The total of 370,000 for 1934 included 140,000 trade and industrial workers, and 100,000 farmers enrolled in evening classes for instruction supplementary to their daily employment-that is to say, for instruction planned with the objective of promoting their economic security by enabling them to make the continuous occupational adjustments required by "rapidly changing technics and market demands." Finally the total for evening schools includes 129,000 women enrolled for instruction to enable them to safeguard and promote the welfare of the home under the rapidly changing conditions of home life.

By way of promoting occupational adjustment training, the Division of Vocational Education of the Office of Education issued during the past year a bulletin on Vocational Education and Changing Conditions, summarizing in part some results of an inquiry undertaken at the request of the American Vocational Association. In this publication the larger aspects of problems developing for vocational education in all fields out of recent economic and social changes are presented. A second publication dealing with these problems in more technical detail, as they present themselves to officials administering and supervising agricultural, trade and industrial, and homeeconomics vocational programs in the States and local communities, is in process of preparation. The evidence assembled in this inquiry justifies the conclusion that it is becoming increasingly difficult in the skilled trades for workers to learn the new technics of their trades on the job without expert assistance, and that opportunities for adults to secure systematic occupational adjustment training, where and as they need it to maintain their employability, are more essential today than they have been in any earlier period; that it is becoming increasingly difficult for the farmer to learn the new technics of farming without expert guidance in applying on the farm the results of scientific research in agriculture; and increasingly difficult for the homemaker to learn without such assistance the new technics of homemaking for health protection, child care, selection and preparation of food, and home management.

Workers in trade and industry must learn these new technics or pay the price of shifting to lower occupational levels, and eventually to the level of unemployability. Workers on the farm must learn the new technics of farming or pay the price of shifting to lower levels of economic welfare and even to the level of insolvency; and workers in the home must learn the new technics of homemaking in urban and rural communities or pay the price of shifting to lower levels of welfare in the home affecting all members of the household.

This need for occupational-adjustment training in all fields, which is rapidly becoming more urgent with the accelerating pace of invention and of scientific and technological advance, is being generally recognized in the States. In the State of Texas, for example, during the past year 231 evening trade-extension classes for men employed in one industry alone the production and refining of petroleum-were operated as a part of the vocational program in 56 cities. These classes enrolled over 4,000 men from 82 different oil companies. In Oakland, Calif., 1,300 adults were enrolled in 18 different trades in one trade school of the city-the Central Trade School. In Massachusetts 3,515 individuals were given vocational training either full time or part time in new classes or departments in addition to 25,000 enrolled in the regular vocational programall of these enrollees being unemployed and, except for the training provided, more or less unemployable. A class in Diesel-engine operation, maintenance, and repair was operated in Montana for a period of 3 months, with a long waiting list during all of the time of men from all sections of the State who wanted this training to help them keep up to date in their knowledge of internal-combustion engines. These typical instances may serve to illustrate the variety and scope of occupational-adjustment training being provided by the States in the trade and industrial field.

In the field of agriculture the demand for adjustment training has been met in the States by organization of evening classes for adult farmers dealing with problems of production adjustment, marketing, and farm financing. The prime objective of these evening agricultural courses is to promote the economic security of the farmer in the face of shifting market demands.

Home-economics instruction in evening classes organized for adults has been essentially occupational-adjustment training for home workers.

Special reports to the Office of Education during the past year from State directors and local school superintendents indicate that vocational directors, supervisors, teacher trainers, and teachers in every section of the country in all fields of vocational training have been actively promoting, organizing, and conducting classes for adult workers, employed and unemployed, to bring their occupational skills and technical qualifications into line with the changing requirements of industry, commerce, agriculture, and homemaking. As a result many thousands of unemployed workers have been brought back into employment; the job tenure of many thousands of employed workers has been rendered more secure; and the economic welfare of the farmer, and of homes in urban and rural communities has been improved.

COOPERATION WITH OTHER AGENCIES

The vocational education and vocational rehabilitation programs, initiated in 1917 and 1920, respectively, and consistently developed by subsequent legislation are fundamentally cooperative programs— fundamentally programs (1) for cooperating with the States in utilizing established State and local educational agencies for extension of educational service into the fields of vocational training and vocational rehabilitation of the physically disabled; and (2) for cooperating with other services of the Federal Government to aid the States in building up their vocational programs. In the emergency situation of the past few years, and more particularly of the last fiscal year, cooperative activities have embraced those of Federal, State, and local recovery agencies generally.

All vocational services of the Office of Education-agricultural, trade and industrial, home economics, and rehabilitation-have cooperated with the F. E. R. A. in promoting emergency vocationaleducation and rehabilitation programs for unemployed adults. These services have all cooperated in their respective fields with Federal emergency activities for relief of unemployment. They have cooperated with agencies organized specially to deal with the out-of-school unemployed youth problem in rural and urban communities.

The Agricultural Education Service has cooperated continuously throughout the year with the Agricultural Adjustment Administration in preparing material for teachers on production-adjustment programs and in following up this material with supervisors, teacher trainers, and teachers to insure its effective use in all-day, part-time, and evening classes. In cooperation with the Farm Credit Administration, the Agricultural Education Service has prepared a bulletin on Teaching Farm Credit for use of teachers in giving instruction on agricultural financing. Two specialists in agricultural education were brought to Washington to work with the agricultural staff in the Office in cooperation with the Civilian Conservation Corps educational authorities in developing course outlines for farm boys in C. C. C. camps. Teachers in the field located near these camps and near subsistence homestead communities have assisted the camp or homestead-educational programs. The service has cooperated extensively with soil conservation and rural rehabilitation agencies in providing counsel and assistance to individual rehabilitation clients and in organizing classes to meet the needs of such clients.

The Home Economics Education Service has cooperated with Federal, State, and local agencies, in rural rehabilitation work, in developing live-at-home programs, in organizing, recruiting, and conducting of emergency home-economics classes for adult women, in

establishing preschool centers, in training emergency teachers and parent-education workers, and in preparing and distributing material on consumer education for use of emergency workers in the field of home economics. In addition to these special cooperative activities in the emergency program, members of the home-economics service have served as members and chairmen of important committees of national organizations interested in promoting home welfare, such as the American Home Economics Association, the National Council of Parent Education, the National Congress of Parents and Teachers, the American Vocational Association, and the National Education Association.

The trade and industrial service has participated in many of these activities. Members of the staff have cooperated in the effort making under Federal, State, and local leadership to revive and develop home crafts generally and particularly for families in subsistence homestead communities. They have cooperated with emergency agencies for unemployment relief. As noted in connection with apprentice training, the chief of the Trade and Industrial Education Service has served throughout the year as representative of the Office of Education, together with representatives of the N. R. A. and the Department of Labor, on a committee appointed by the Secretary of Labor, to organize apprentice training under N. R. A. codes.

The Rehabilitation Service has continued during the past year to build up its cooperative relations with other agencies dealing with the disabled and operating in allied fields. Much of this cooperation is required under laws providing workmen's compensation and employment agency services. Under the Social Security Act the need for cooperation with agencies operating in the field of pensions, unemployment insurance, service to crippled children, service to the blind, and public-health activities will be greatly expanded. Funds made available by the F. E. R. A., for the year, for expanding and promoting in the States the service of vocational rehabilitation, amounting approximately to $840,000, have been administered by the established national and State agencies operating the regular program of vocational rehabilitation under the act of 1920, in close cooperation with the emergency education program of the F. E. R. A. Although these developments tend to complicate the rehabilitation problem, they materially increase its effectiveness.

NEED FOR ADDITIONAL FEDERAL APPROPRIATIONS

During the past year Congress has given consideration to the need for additional appropriations to the States for the promotion of vocational education and vocational rehabilitation of the physically disabled. It has had under consideration bills increasing authoriza

tions of appropriations in the several fields of vocational education, partly to meet emergency needs and partly to provide for developing the permanent program of vocational education.

It is recognized that the rural areas of the United States are facing an emergency situation, that farmers in every section of the country are confronted with difficult problems of agricultural adjustment, farm financing, production control, shifting markets, and reduced. incomes, and that these conditions call for an expanded vocational program in rural areas. Changing conditions on the farm and in urban and rural homes are presenting many new problems for adjustment. The unemployment situation in both urban and rural communities has created an emergency need for expansion of vocational programs in all fields of vocational training to prevent the unemployed from becoming permanently unemployable and dependent on relief measures, and to provide educational facilities for unadjusted out-of-school youth. At the same time it has become apparent that many States and most rural communities are unable to finance the needed expansion of vocational programs for farmers, industrial workers, homemakers, and unemployed youth.

The requirement that Federal funds appropriated to the States for vocational education shall be matched, dollar for dollar, with State or local funds has worked to restrict the development of vocational programs to those communities which were financially able to provide matching funds and to deprive communities unable to provide such funds of the benefits of vocational programs-to deprive, that is to say, communities which in many instances are precisely those in which the need for vocational education facilities is most urgent.

In this situation it has been proposed to provide additional appropriations for vocational education and to make these appropriations available in part over a period of years without matching with State or local funds. Additional appropriations have been proposed also to provide for some of the expanding needs of the permanent vocational program.

The need for additional Federal funds in the field of vocational rehabilitation has been recognized in the Social Security Act, which provides additional appropriations for this service. The States are at present in a position to absorb about $1,500,000 of Federal aid for vocational rehabilitation. Sessions of the State legislatures which were held during the past winter and spring in many instances increased appropriations for rehabilitation. In a few of the States appropriations were held to what they were for the past biennium. In none of the States were the funds decreased. Following the passage of the Social Security Act, special sessions of the legislature will be held in a number of the States, and on the