and South Carolina." Public Works funds (Federal projects 176 and 189) provided for a preliminary survey of bleaching-clay deposits of South Carolina, on which a report has been completed. A report on the geologic aspects of the Santee Cooper hydroelectric project was prepared for the Public Works Administration. Examinations of manganese near McCormick and from Columbia to Gaffney were made in connection with the general study of manganese of the crystalline rocks of the Piedmont area. Areas in the Long Cane and Enoree purchase units were examined and a report made to the Forest Service.

Tennessee.—A report on clay deposits of Tennessee, as a result of recent field studies made with Public Works funds (Federal project 177), was completed, and a report on zinc, lead, and barite materials is in preparation.

Texas.-The Public Works Administration financed several studies of the mineral resources of Texas (Federal project 178). Surveys of the Shafter silver district and the Terlingua quicksilver district were completed, and preliminary reports on both districts were sent to the Texas Bureau of Economic Geology. More detailed reports on these areas will be published by the United States Geological Survey. A study of the iron ores of northeastern Texas, lying largely in Cass, Marion, and Morris Counties, was completed and a progress report on the investigation was issued by the Texas Bureau of Economic Geology; a final report is in preparation for publication by the Survey. A study of the stratigraphy and structure, with special attention to oil, gas, and coal, in parts of north-central Texas, including areas in Young, Stevens, Throckmorton, Coleman, and Brown Counties, has been completed, and a report will be transmitted to the Texas Bureau of Economic Geology. A report on the clay resources of the San Antonio area was prepared.

The geology of the Guadalupe Peak quadrangle and the Cambro-Ordovician of the Central Mineral Region were studied through grants from the Geological Society of America. A report on the geology of the Monument and Marathon quadrangles was submitted for Survey publication. Papers on potash in Texas and an unconformity in the late Paleozoic of trans-Pecos Texas were sent to the State Bureau of Economic Geology. Further studies were in progress on the fossils of the Navarro formation of Texas (in cooperation with the Texas Bureau), the geology of the Guadalupe Mountains, and the Eocene faunas of the Gulf region. A paper on upper Mississippian rocks of trans-Pecos Texas was sent to American Association of Petroleum Geologists for publication. Work on source rocks of petroleum is mentioned under California.

Utah.-Office work was continued on reports on the geology and structure of southeastern Utah; the geology of the area between Green and Colorado Rivers in Grand and San Juan Counties; the structure, stratigraphy, and coal resources of the western part of the Wasatch Plateau; and stratigraphic relations of the Wasatch formation in central Utah. A manuscript on the San Juan country, a geographic and geologic reconnaissance of southeastern Utah, was submitted for publication as a professional paper.

Vermont.-A report on the addition to the Green Mountain National Forest was made for the Forest Service.

Virginia. Studies of the lead, zinc, gold, and other minerals of Smyth, Wythe, and Carroll Counties, southwestern Virginia, made through Public Works Administration funds, beginning in 1934, were continued. Preliminary reports on these investigations published by the Virginia Geological Survey include papers on the zinc belt, the copper and iron deposits, and the gold deposits. Examinations of the gold regions of the Piedmont area (Federal

projects 158 and 183) will be covered by a paper also to be published by the Virginia Geological Survey. Manganese deposits were examined near Lynchburg and Galax. Examinations were made of the Clinch River purchase area and of the Mountain Lake forest-reserve tract for the Forest Service. A paper on the titanium deposits of the State is in preparation.

Washington.-Fossil plants were collected from the Latah formation in the vicinity of Spokane, and a paper entitled "Leaves and fruits from Miocene strata in Idaho, Oregon, and Washington", was submitted for publication in the Journal of Paleontology.

West Virginia.-The results of investigation of the manganese deposits of eastern West Virginia (Federal project 169) have been included in a report submitted to the West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey.

Wyoming.-A detailed report with geologic map on the mineral resources and structure of the Afton quadrangle is in preparation, and a paper on anticlines between the Hiawatha gas field and Baggs was sent to the American Association of Petroleum Geologists.

WORK IN CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

The chemical work consists largely of routine analyses and tests of ores, rocks, and minerals collected on account of their bearing on geologic problems, such as the mapping and valuation of mineral deposits and the origin and method of deposition of ores. Many tests are also made of mineral specimens submitted by correspondents of the Survey. Individual minerals are analyzed and technically described, the age of minerals and rocks is determined by special chemical analyses, and new methods of analysis are devised and tested for the purpose of obtaining more accurate results.

Among materials analyzed in the laboratory during the year were a geode of hematite containing gas, liquid, and solid inclusions; samarskite from Connecticut, which checked in age with two other minerals previously analyzed from the same locality; jarosite from Texas; chromite from California; alunite from Utah; pollucite from South Dakota; pyroxene from Virginia; cerite from Colorado; rutile from Virginia; over 56 igneous rocks, a great variety of clays, ores, sediments, and several new minerals. A new deposit of natural alkali in Ward County, Tex., identified and described in the Survey laboratory, was put into production during the year. The production of natural alkali has steadily increased during recent years.

During the year 4,236 examinations or tests of minerals and rock samples were made. These included 926 specimens tested or identified for persons not officially connected with the Survey. There were 1,682 chemical analyses made for geologists or in aid of general geologic projects, and 685 similar analyses were made in connection with studies of methods of analysis and geochemical investigations relating to the formation and alteration of minerals under natural conditions. The remaining 943 tests related to potash cores, well cuttings, and similar samples.

Among the more important items of work in physics were the testing of more than 1,500 samples of clay with reference to their effectiveness in bleaching oil and the best methods of treating them for that purpose; and the observations of temperature in deep wells in Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Utah, and California. Several classes of geologic data were subjected to mathematical discussion.

ALASKAN BRANCH

The Geological Survey's work in Alaska is concerned primarily with the investigation of the mineral resources of the Territory and comprises field examination of the various factors that pertain to the character, distribution, and development of these resources, and laboratory and office studies by which these field observations are analyzed and the results made available to the public through reports, maps, and other media. In addition to the funds regularly appropriated by Congress for this work, funds from the Public Works Administration were granted to supplement those for a general project (Federal project 162) and to enable the Geological Survey to carry on special mapping work (Federal project 69). Cooperation was also continued with the Alaska Railroad, the expense of which was borne mainly by the railroad. The work of the branch, in addition to serving the prime purpose of assisting the mining industry, is utilized extensively by Government organizations having to do with other special fields of investigation within the Territory, such as the Forest Service, the Alaska Road Commission, and the Biological Survey. The Geological Survey's maps of Alaska are indispensable in any enterprises concerned with the development of the Territory. Manuscripts and publications.-During the year 4 reports and 2 maps have been published. In addition, 11 manuscript reports (including maps) and 4 separate manuscript maps have been completed by their authors and are in various stages of critical review, proof, or preparation for publication. A reprint of one map previously published is in press. At the end of the year 8 manuscript reports and 4 manuscript maps were partly completed.

Work of the year.-In addition to the routine duties, 9 principal projects, 7 of which involved new field work, were carried on during the season of 1934. The field projects included 5 that were principally geologic and 2 that were primarily topographic. The projects involving new geologic field work were located in the area adjacent to Ketchikan, southeastern Alaska; in part of the Alaska Range, including the headwater region of the Copper River Valley and parts of the Tanana Valley; in the Kaiyuh Mountains, which lie south and east of the Yukon River in the region west of Ruby and southeast of Kaltag; in the northern and eastern part of Kodiak Island, southwestern Alaska; and in the coal fields adjacent to Eska, in the Matanuska district of the Cook Inlet-Susitna region. The Eska work was financed by and carried on at the request of the Alaska Railroad and mainly in its interest. The topographic projects include the mapping of an extensive tract of Admiralty Island and

adjacent parts of the Juneau district, in southeastern Alaska, and mapping of parts of the Alaska Range at the head of the Copper River, especially in the vicinity of Mentasta Pass and Suslota Lake. The two projects not directly involving new field work were the continuation of the compilation of drainage maps of southeastern Alaska from the airplane photographs taken by the Navy Department and the annual canvass of mineral production.

In order to utilize effectively the all too short open season, the Geological Survey field parties begin work in the spring as early as climate and other conditions permit. The field projects for the season of 1935 were begun a month or more before the end of the fiscal year, but as most of the field parties were out of touch by ordinary means of communication, it is not practicable to give here more than a summary of the work that it is expected will be accomplished.

Six field projects have been authorized for the season of 1935, and their completion, with the essential office work, will occupy all the time until well into the spring of 1936. These projects include 4 geologic investigations and 2 topographic mapping projects, in addition to the usual canvass of mineral production, further compilation of planimetric base maps, and other miscellaneous general work.

The four geologic projects include studies of that part of the Alaska Range region east of the Richardson Highway and north of Slana; of the central and southern part of Kodiak Island; of the Tikchik Lake district of southwestern Alaska; and a general study of the permanently frozen ground as affecting mining development in central and western Alaska, especially in the Fairbanks and Nome districts.

The two topographic field projects include the continuation of surveying and mapping in the Admiralty Island area of southeastern Alaska west of Juneau and in the Alaska Range region, especially in the Tok Valley and adjacent parts of the Tanana region south of Tanana Crossing.

TOPOGRAPHIC BRANCH

GENERAL OFFICE WORK

Necessary office work incidental to the field work of the topographic branch consisted in the inking, inspection, and editing of the completed topographic field sheets prior to their submission for reproduction and the computation and adjustment of the results of control field work.

The status of topographic surveys shows that the country as a whole is now 46.7 percent mapped, the year's increment amounting to 0.7 percent. The area covered by topographic base maps without contours and prepared from aerial photographs after field examinations continued large.

FIELD SURVEYS

Abbreviations for projects used below: Federal Emergency Administration of Public Works," P. W. "; Tennessee Valley Authority, "T. V. A."; Federal Emergency Relief Administration, State projects, "F. E. R. A." Cooperation with States was continued on a smaller scale than in recent years.

Alabama.-Palos and Basham 15' quadrangles (P. W.) completed, and Mount Hope 15' quadrangle (P. W.) continued. Mapping without contours from aerial photographs begun for 71⁄2' quadrangles within Iuka 15′ quadrangle (T. V. A.). Arizona.-Payson No. 1, Payson No. 2, and Castle Dome Peak No. 3 15' quadrangles (P. W.) completed; Grand Encampment National Monument (P. W.) continued; Payson No. 3 15' quadrangle (P. W.) begun.

Arkansas. In cooperation with the United States Army district engineer at Vicksburg, Felsenthal, Moro Bay, Stuttgart, and S1⁄2 Ingalls 15' quadrangles completed. Watalula and Alexander 15' quadrangles (P. W.) and Scott No. 2, Cabot No. 3, and Alexander No. 1 71⁄2' quadrangles (P. W.) completed; Caddo Gap No. 1 and Caddo Gap No. 2 15' quadrangles (P. W.) and North Little Rock No. 4 71⁄2 quadrangle (P. W.) begun.

California.-In cooperation with the county surveyor of Los Angeles County, Acton, Mount Wilson, Chileno Canyon, Camp Rincon, Camp Bonita, Pallett Creek, Boneyard Canyon, Mescal Creek, and Valyermo 6' quadrangles completed; Mount Emma, Alder Creek, Trail Canyon, and Mount Gleason 6' quadrangles begun. Paynes Creek 30' quadrangle (P. W.) continued; Burney 30' quadrangle (P. W.) begun.

Colorado.-Como No. 2 and Taylor Park 15' quadrangles (P. W.), Grand Encampment 30' quadrangle (P. W.), Colorado National Monument and Black Canyon National Monument (P. W.) completed; Castle Rock Nos. 1 and 2, Castle Rock Nos. 3 and 4, East Denver Nos. 3 and 4, Leadville No. 1, and Leadville No. 4 15' quadrangles (P. W.) begun.

Connecticut.-72' New London and Niantic 71⁄2 quadrangles (P. W.) completed; New London No. 2 71⁄2' quadrangle (P. W.) begun.

Delaware.-Wilmington special map (P. W.) begun.

Florida.-De Funiak Springs, Oscar, Mary Esther, and Y Y 15' quadrangles (P. W.) completed; Point Washington 15' quadrangle (P. W.) begun. Georgia.-Warm Springs 15' quadrangle (P. W.) completed; Thomaston 15' quadrangle (P. W.) continued. Mapping without contours from aerial photographs completed for 71⁄2' quadrangles within Hemp, Porter Springs, Blue Ridge, Randa, Blairsville, Cartecay, and Cohutta 15' quadrangles (T. V. A.). Idaho.-American Falls No. 1, American Falls No. 2, and American Falls No. 3 15' quadrangles (P. W.) and Metaline 30' quadrangle (P. W.) completed; Yellow Pine No. 2 and Washington Creek No. 2 15' quadrangles (P. W.) and Mackay and Dickey 30' quadrangles (P. W.) begun.

Illinois. Burlington, Oquawka, Iuka, Wenona, Morrison, and Lamotte 15' quadrangles completed; Keithburg, Arcola, Shelbyville, Lovington, and Delavan 15' quadrangles continued; Minonk, Stewardson, and Miles 15' quadrangles begun in cooperation with the Department of Registration and Education of Illinois, Geological Survey. Sycamore, De Kalb, and Mattoon 15' quadrangles (P. W.) completed; Watseka and Pontiac 15' quadrangles begun.

Indiana. Heltonville, Watseka, and Porter 15' quadrangles (P. W.) completed; Oolitic 15' quadrangle (P. W.) continued.

Iowa.-Melrose, McPaul, Iowa City, and Humeston 15' quadrangles (P. W.)

completed.

Kansas.-W1⁄2 of Waldron 15' quadrangle (P. W.) and Armourdale No. 1, Olathe 1b, and Olathe 2a 71⁄2' quadrangles (P. W.) completed.

Kentucky.-Munfordville and Cecilia 15′ quadrangles (P. W.) completed. Mapping without contours from aerial photographs completed for Sneedville No. 2 quadrangle (T. V. A.).

Louisiana.—The Louisiana Board of State Engineers cooperating, mapping without contours from aerial photographs completed for 7' quadrangles within Creole, Dulac, Pointe a la Hache, Crowley, Welsh, Jennings, Lafayette,