of St. Alban's. On the contrary, numerous inftances may be adduced to prove, that if he failed to FLEECE the holy fathers, it was more owing to their own prudence and the protection of the Pope, than to any want of inclination on his part. In the year 1242 (for inftance) Henry, then in France, commiffions the archbifhop of York, whom he had left regent in his abfence, to convene a general affembly of the Cittercian abbots; and to demand of them a fubfidy, equal to one year's income, for the maintenance of his army. This claim the careful abbots thought proper to refift: alleging that grants of fuch a nature could only be made in a general chapter of the order; and befeeching his grace to recollect, that it was inconfiftent with the rules of their inftitution to encourage the flaughter of human beings, and more efpecially of their fellow chriftians. The Archbishop, highly incenfed at their refufal, begged to know with what affurance they could in future folicits favours of the king? "My Lord, (replied one of the Abbots), we are not difpofed to folicit favors. By the oath taken at his coronation, the king is bound to maintain juftice; and ought not to withhold that from us, which he hath fworn to obferve in regard of all his fubjects."-On this occafion a proclamation was issued, by which abbots of the Ciftercian order were, during the remain

der of the year, forbidden to attend any general chapter held out of the kingdom. This injunction was an impotent difplay of Henry's malice; for, Matthew Paris adds, they had very fubftantial reafons for ftaying at home, (578). Two years afterwards, he took a more effectual inethod of making them feel the weight of his refentment, by prohibiting the exportation of their wOOL. (607).

A.D. 1253. Henry countenances the oppreffion of the monks of the Abbey of

Archiepifcopo roganti, ut Regem in exhibitione pecuniæ efficaciter promoverent et juvarent promovendo, in unum congregati refponderunt: In quo, domine? At Archiepif copus. In parvo. Et cum inquififfent Ciftercienfes : In quo parvo? ait Archipræful: In tanta pecunia quantum poteftis habere pro

LANA anni unius. Similis factus dicenti :

Da mibi animas, cætera tolle tibi. Non enim poffet quis alimentorum penuriam per paucos dies tolerare & vitæ carere fuftentaculis, quin animam exhalaret.

Rivaulx, in Yorkshire, by Peter of Savoy, an infolent favorite. (832).

A.D. 1256. Henry made another attempt on the property of the Ciftercians; but Ruftand the Pope's nuncio, who was his advocate in this, (*) fucceeded ro better than the Archbishop had done in the former infance. Henry was fo much exafperated at this fecond repulfe, that he vowed to extort from them individually, what, as a body, they had refufed to advance; and proceeded to the moft unjustifiable extremities in the execution of his threats. By the interceffion of the Pope, however, a check was at length put to thefe diabolical acts of defpotifin. (895. 896.)

In the fame year an order was fent to the theriffs, and other officers of the crown, enjoining them to respect no privileges claimed by the Cistercians; and to exact the payment of toll, Telonium, quod vulgariter dicitur Paagium†) on the proctors returning from a general chapter: in confequence of which, many, who were unapprized of this new regulation, were compelled to part with their hoods and coats to answer the demand. (906.) Manchester, July 8. DELISLE.

To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.

SIR,

Taft and myftery, of glue-making, is at your fervice, if you think it worthy a place in your very valuable Mifcellany. The improvement of any manufacture depends upon its caly accels to men of fcience-and a prudential theorift can never be better employed, than in attempting to reduce to regularity, or to fytem, the manufactories that may fall under his notice. In conformity to the first principle, I made fome notes whilft vifiting a glue-manufactory a few years ago, in Southwark; and thofe interwoven with remarks on that fubject, of some chemiftst of the first respectability, I take

HE following attempt to lifplay the

the liberty of fending you. At the fame time I must beg of you, or your Correfpondents, that, where they may be corrected in any manner, it may be done, and I fhall feel myself much obliged by the

attention.

Glue is an infpiffated jelly, made of the parings of hides, or horns, of any kind, the pelts obtained from furriers, and the hoofs and ears of horfes, oxen, calves, fheep, &c. quantities of all which are Imported, in addition to the home fupply, by many of the great manufacturers of this article. Thefe are firft digefted in lime-water, to cleanse them, as far as it can, from the grease or dirt they may have contracted: they are then steeped in clean water, taking care to ftir them well from time to time afterwards they are laid in a heap, and the fuperabundant water preffed out. Then they are boiled in a large brass cauldron, with clean water, fkimming off the dirt as it rifes; and it is further cleanfed

Newcastle, June 21,

1802.

Your's, &c. JOHN CLENNELL.

To the Editor of the Monthly Magazine.

SIR,

AM much indebted to you for the

a little melted alum or lime, finely powdered, which by their deterfive properties fill further purge it. The skimming is continued for fome time;-when the mass is ftrained through bafkets, and fuffered to fettle, that the remaining impurities, if any, may fubfide. It is then poured gently into the kettle again, and further evaporated by boiling a fecond time, and fkimming it becomes of a clear, but darkish brown, colour. When it is thought to be strong enough (which is known either by the length of time a certain quantity of water and materia's have boiled, or by its appearance during ebullition), it is poured into frames or moulds of about fx feet long, one bread and two deep, where it gradually hardens as the heat decreases out of which it is cut when cold, by afpade, into fquare pieces or cakes Each of the fe is placed within a fort of wod n-bex, open in three divifions to the back; in this the glue, as yet foft, is taken to a table by women, where they divide it into three pieces with an inftrument not unlike a bow, having a brafs wire for its firing: with this they stand behind the box, and cut by its openings from front to back. The pieces thus cut, are taken out into the open air, and dried on a kind of coarfe net-work, faftened in moveable sheds of about four feet fquare, which are placed in rows in the glue-makers field, and every one of which contains five or fix rows of netting.

When the women by mistake cut only two, that which is double the fize is called a bishop, and is thrown into the pan again.

the fubject of Mr. Belham's calumny, was inferted in your interefting Mifcellany. The equal promptitude of Mr. Belham's apology, l'confefs, was no more than I expected: for, confcious that the afperfion was as unfounded as it was unprovoked-and knowing that Mr. Beifham's perfonal connections enabled him, at all times, to make himself acquainted with my real character, there was little reafon to apprehend that he should endeavour to evade my appeal.

Why that appeal was made, has been already fufficiently explained--though Mr. Belfham, towards the end of his apology, feems to have forgotten that part of my former letter. My family had received a pofitive injury from the calumny of Mr. Belfham-and fuch injuries cannot wait the tardy redrefs of pofthumous reputation. It was therefore, that for a temporary injury I demanded a contemporary reparation. That reparation (as far as relates to the future, which was all that I defired) Mr. B.Mam has flown his readiness to make: and if this explanaton is fubjoined to the yet uncirculated copies of his work, and the biftorian and his readers can be fatisfied with fuch an explanation, my purpofe is fufficiently answered. Moral and intellectual reputation are the only objects of my anxiety : with refpect to any thing that has occurred upon matters of a more public nature, I have not the flightest inclination either to vindicate, to apologize, or to explain. I have difmiffed fuch confiderations entirely from my mind; and neither

misrepresentations of the paft, nor interro. gatory infinuations concerning the prefent, thall provoke me to renew the difcuffion. Here, therefore, the fubject might have been permitted to reft, had not Mr. Belfham given an erroneous construction to a paragraph in my former letter, to which I feel myfelf called upon to reply. I am fuppofed to have spoken "with fome little degree of petulance of that great ornament of his country and of human nature, the Duke of Bedford." It is ne

ceffary, therefore, for me to declare, that I had not the leaft intention, in any part of that letter, either petulantly or otherwife, to allude to that illuftrious character. It would have been strange, indeed, if I could have spoken of him as Mr. Belham has fuppofed me to have spoken. During my political life, though totally unconnected with that nobleman tho' neither enlifted under his banners, nor affociated with his party, I vindicated his character without courting his patronage; and it appears, that Mr. B. himself was not unacquainted with the independent warmth, with which I afferted the honor of the then reprefentative of the houfe of Ruffel. It would, therefore, be ftrange, indeed, if, after having fo long withdrawn myself from all parties, and party contentions, and from all the prejudices that attach to them and if, after fate, alfo, had fo prematurely withdrawn that nobleman from the fphere of his active utilities, I had regarded his manes as the objeas of petulant and farcaftic reproach. Very different, indeed, are the fenfations with which I have contemplated the lofs, and the memory, of the great patron of British agriculture: and on the melancholy event of his premature diffolution, it was with no fmall difficulty, that I reftrained myself from pouring forth my emotions in public teftimony to the merits of a man, who feems to have closed like a hero a life that had been devoted to virtue. But the world has taught me a part of its bafe leffon. Prudence was to be confulted rather than the honeft emotions of the foul; and before the tear was

dropped on the cœnotaph of departed

virtue, or the laurel was hung upon the maufoleum, it was neceffary to confider whether malevolence might not conftrue it into a tribute of faction; or accule me of ftill confecrating to party that science which I have devoted, impartially,

to ALL MANKIND.

It is my fate, however, not to be permitted to be filent. I muft proclaim my admiration, or be fufpected of malignant

afperfion. The alternative precludes deliberation.

In the mean time, it is neceffary to obferve, that, as far any thing perfonal was intended by the allufior, in my former letter, to the foul-narrowing influence of party patronage, it was not the Duke of Bedford who was prefent to my mind, when the obfervation efcaped my pen. I never knew that the Duke of Bedford was confidered as the particular patron of Mr. Belham. I never could confider the Duke of Bedford, as capable of patronifing the paragraph that called forth my animadverfions. In this refpect, indeed, it feems, I was not mistaken. I have the teftimony of Mr. Belham himself, that the illuftrious character in queftion thought, and spoke, of me in a very different point of view from that in which Mr. Belfham, (at a "time when he knew little or nothing about me,") thought himself authorifed, to reprefent me upon the record of his history. It muft, confequently, have been from fome other source of "mifinformation or mifrepresentation," that Mr. Belfham derived "the prejudices," that feduced him into these "incautions expreffions."

Thus much, Sir, I have thought neceffary to fubjoin in replication to the author of the "Memoirs of George the Third;" not from any defire to prolong a perfonal controverfy (for which, indeed, I have neither time nor inclination)-but that I might remove an injurious mifapprehenfion, which, (at least after fuch fuggeftion) may, perhaps, have extended itself, to other minds. And thus much, indeed, I fhould have rejoined immediately upon the appearance of Mr. Belfham's reply, if indifpenfable engagements, and the laborious duties of my new profeffion, had not denied the requifite leifure. Alnwick, June 26,

1802.

Your's, &c.

J. THELWALL.

For the Monthly Magazine. ACCOUNT of the FRANKFORT EASTER FAIR, 1802.

want of buyers, there was a great ROM a fcarcity of money, and a ftagnation of trade at this fair. The uncertainty with refpect to their future deftiny, which ftill hangs over the fouthern provinces of Germany, could not fail to render many fpeculations abortive, and to keep back the hands of thousands who wifhed to become purchafers. The apprehenfions of the clergy, in the Ecclefiaf tical States, were evinced, by the many

Splendid

enriched with pearls and embroidery, which, during the fair, were transferred into the profane hands of circumcifed and uncircumcifed brokers; and the facred veffels of gold and filver, which had been faved from the rapacity of the enemy, came forth from the hiding-places-only to pafs into the fmelting-pot of the refiner. Single communities, and whole provinces, have not yet recovered from the exhaufted ftate, occafioned by the exceffive contri. butions levied upon them; and, in the public treafuries, fome fymptoms manifeft themfelves that have an unfavourable effect on the condition of men holding of fices under government, and of many families which used to live in affluent circumftances; and this was an additional caufe of the fcarcity of money at the fair. But what, most of all, impeded the ufual courfe of business was, the new fyftem of tolls and duties in the departments lately annexed to France, on the left bank of the Rhine, and the oppreffive arbitrarinefs with which they are levied by the officers and collectors; for the profperity of Frankfort, in a great meature, depends upon the free navigation of the Rhine, and an uninterrupted intercourfe with the countries on the left fide of that river, by means of the road called the Thatweg. It is hoped, however, that the endeavours of the active commiffioners for the four new departments, to remove fome of the obftructions to a free trade, will be crowned with fuccefs.

The number of vifitors was confiderably less than at the laft autumnal fair; when the northern birds of paffage, in their flight towards the great city on the banks of the Seine, refted here for fome time; and they more willingly flocked to the warehoufes filled with English goods, as thefe articles had been prohibited in France, and confequently must have much advanced in price. But, in particular, the merchants obferved with forrow the non-attendance of many French buyers, who, fince the ratification of peace, could, by a lefs circuitous road, and with lefs expence, fupply their wants. Of English goods and manufactures there was an immenfe fupply: and the prices they fold at were low almoft beyond comprehenfion; yet, certainly, more than a third of them remained in the hands of the merchants and agents, and were fent to the Leipzig fair.

Of fhews and exhibitions, for the entertainment of the idle and curious, there was every where a fuperabundance:-fuch

Panorama view of Toulon, at the mo ment when the French army, under the command of Cartoux, entered the city, in 1792; and Mr. Johneys men of a fingular conformation; thefe are two brothers, whofe fkin, except in the face, the foles of the feet, and the palms of the hands, is covered with horny excrefcences like fcales. It is remarkable, that this disease of the fkin has been tranfmitted to the third generation, and probably will be to a fourth, as one of them is married. They are both of a strong, athletic conftitution, and the eldest of the brothers is an expert boxer, as his grandfather likewife had been. Being lat autumn at Göttingen, they were examined by Profeffor Blumenbach, who has given a particular account of them in Voigt's Magazin für den neuesten Zustand der Naturkunde. Plays and balls were given at the theatre, which is one of the best in Germany. But it would be tedious to go through the long lift of wax figures, metamorphofes, harlequinades, rope-dancing, perfpective views, models of Chinese fhips, &c. &c.

In the warehoufes of the dealers in prints, paintings, and other works of art, many excellent articles were to be feen. The number of fuch warehouses has, of late years, confi lerably increased; and a tafte for the fine arts is more prevalent than formerly; but the German patriots had here likewife to lament the exceffive influx of English productions, which were fought after with a fashionable eagerness by the rich buyers and amateurs, being frequently unjustly preferred to the more matterly works of the native artifts. The best and most choice collection was exhi bited in Silberberg's warehouse. Preffel, the engraver and his daughter likewise deferve to be mentioned with particular commendation. Since he and his ingenious wife left London, he has refided chiefly at Sode, the country-feat of M. von Brabek, in whofe gallery of paintings he copied, in a masterly manner, the excellent Ruyfdaels. The prints from these pictures may be claffed among the best that have of late been published in Germany. The ingenious artift here fub mitted to the judgment of the public, fome proofs of his new method of colouring copper-plates with oil colours, in fuch a manner that they nearly equal the originals. Juftice requires we should ftate, that almoft at the fame time, this procefs was likewife invented and employed with the greatest fuccefs, by Mr. I. R. Smith, engraver to the Prince of Wales.

For

For the Monthly Magazine.

The interefting REPORT of the COMMITTEE of the HOUSE of COMMONS, on DR. JENNER'S PETITION, refpecting his important DISCOVERY of VACCINE INO

CULATION.

THE

HE Committee, to whom the Petition of Edward Jenner, Doctor of Phyfic, was referred, have, pursuant to the Order of the Houfe, examined the Matter thereof; which is divided into Three diftin& Heads of Inquiry:

The utility of the difcovery itfelf, which is the foundation of the petition: The right of the Petitioner to claim the discovery:

The advantage, in point of medical practice, and pecuniary emolument, which he has derived from it.

Upon the first head a number of wit neffes of the highest characters, and most extensive experience in the profeffion, were examined, whofe names, with the fubftance of their refpective evidence (strongly coufirmed by their general practice, as well as by that in their own families) appear in the Appendix; nor was it for want of the testimony of many other equally refpect able Phyficians and Surgeons, whom the Petitioner was defirous of producing, that many other names are not inferted; but because Your Committee, after having received fo confiderable a body of evidence to the fame purport, and with so little variation in opinion, thought that his cafe could fuftain no injury in being left to reft upen the concurring depofitions of thofe already examined, who had both the moft ample experience of the facts, and the best means of forming an opinion upon them. The reftimony alfo of fome perfons not prefeffional, has been admitted, who could speak to occurrences that tend to illuftrate particular points connected with the fubject. The refult, as it appears to Your Committee, which may be collected from the oral teftimany of thefe Gentlemen (with the exception of three of them) is, that the difcovery of Vaccine Inoculation is of the most general utility, inasmuch as it introduces a milder diforder in the place of the inoculated Small Pox, which is not capable of being communicated by contagion; that it does not excite other humours or diforders in the conftitution; that it has not been known, in any one in ftance, to prove fatal; that the Inoculation may be fafely performed at all times of life (which is known not to be the cafe with regard to the inoculation of the Smallpox) in the earlieft infancy, as well as MONTHLY MAG. No. 90.

during pregnancy, and in old age; and that it tends to eradicate, and, if its use becomes univerfal, muft abfolutely extin guifh one of the most deftructive disorders by which the human race has been vifited.

The written evidence which is inferted in the Appendix (for Your Committee have judged it proper to make a felection from a great mais of what appeared most important) is more various, but directed to the fame objects: part of it relates to the very extenfive and fuccefsful practice of this mode of inoculation in every quarter of the globe, the efficacy of which does not feem abated by the cold of the northern, nor the heat of the fouthern and tropical climates; and though there are no means of examining the authors from whence fome of these atteftations come, it would be an act of injustice to the Petitioner to exclude thele important documents, which flew the confideration in which this difcovery is held, and the benefit with which it has been attended, in so many other countries, to at least as great an extent as in our own.

As a comparison between this new practice, and the inoculated Small Pox, forms a principal confideration in the prefent inquiry, fomne facts with regard to the latter engaged the attention of Your Committee, and they have inferted in the Appendix (No. 44) ftatements of the mortality occafioned by the finall pox in 42 years before inoculation was practifed in England, and of the 42 years from 1731 to 1772: the refult of which appears to be an increase of deaths, amounting to 17 in every 1000: the general average giving 72 in every 1000 during the fift 42 years, and 89 in the 42 years ending in 1772, fo as to make the whole excefs of deaths in that latter periol 1742. The increase of mortality is stated by another witness (No. 4) to be as 95 to 70, comparing the concluding 30 years with the firit 30 of the last century, and the average annual mortality from finall pox to have been latterly about 2,000; for though individual lives are certainly preferved, and it is true that a fmaller lofs happens in equal numbers who undergo the imali pox now, than there was formerly; yet it must be admitted that the general prevalence of inoculation tends to ipread and multiply the difeafe itfelf; of which, though the violence be much abated by the modern mode of treatment, the contagious quality remains in full force. It deferves alfo to be noticed, that the deaths under the inoculated fort of small pox, with all E

the