favour; or again, sympathies with just conduct as between man and man, leading back, of course, to the pleasures of society as their source. If it is described as avaricious, sentiments containing dispositions toward wealth as an end, or toward gold or silver themselves, are indicated. If it is called lethargic, the pleasures of repose are suggested. If it is termed patriotic, sentiments relating to ends of social order and prosperity come forward. In fine, we are thus able, having given a chart of pleasures and pains, dispositions and associations synthesised in sentiments, to scientifically locate all varieties of character that may present themselves, and without such a map we have no thorough understanding of character in anywise, and no scientific method of estimating parcular and special phases of character. I can conceive of no possible science of ethology which is not based on a study of sentiments and their elements. § 7. Manifesting the determination of what character will be under given circumstances is the determination of what a person's sentiments will be under those circumstances; and that is nothing more than ascertaining what, under such circumstances, will be that person's associations and dispositions toward ends. We must learn what causes produce certain effects, and what effects follow from certain causes. Heredity, parental, or pedagogical education, climate, prosperity or adversity, social surroundings, each and all as producing and fostering particular lines of association, ends, and dispositions, have to be studied and the due weight of each ascertained. Compositions of causes and intermixtures of effects must be looked for; induction and deduction must be resorted to, and a constant reference made to experience for verification. No other method obtains here than is necessary and proper for the determination of effects in the material world. In the former case the difficulties may be greater owing to the greater complexity of causes, but still we have left us only the same method for dealing with the phenomena presented. § 8. To come to a conclusion as to what character ought to be it is necessary for us to investigate the comparative values of ends and dispositions. The path in this direction has been pointed out in another chapter, and all has been said upon it that seems required by the scope of this work. 'Soc. I may affirm also that the breathless calm and stillness and the like are wasting and impairing, and wind and storm preserving; and the palmary argument of all, which I strongly urge, is the golden chain in Homer, by which he means the Sun, thus indicating that while the sun and the heavens go round, all things divine and human are, and are preserved; but if the sun were to be arrested in his course, then all things would be destroyed, and, as the saying is, Chaos would come again.'-Plato, Theatetus. Jowett's trans. 577 CHAPTER LXXII. DIFFERENTIATION. § 1. Up to this point we have been occupied in following the course of evolution of states of consciousness, not, indeed, unmindful of the fact that evolution necessitates dissolution, but setting aside the latter till we could first exhaust the work of the former. Having now accomplished this last, it behoves us to turn our attention to the complementary processes of dissolution and disintegration. § 2. States of consciousness are integers, and the science of states of consciousness deals with integrations. The course of evolution is the course of the development of integrations in their multiformity. When a state of consciousness is disintegrated and dissolved it disappears and is gone, whither we know not. Consciousness lives only in the succeeding states. Hence we have no products of dissolution and disintegration to deal with, and thus our inquiry is considerably abridged. § 3. In the normal course of mental action states of consciousness are disintegrated and dissolved by the combined action of the factors of development-namely, organised inheritances, environment, automatic activity, conscious and unconscious. This whole process of development, so far as the change element goes, is differentiation. Evolution proceeds by alternate differentiation and integration. The laws of this differentiation we have fully investigated. The point to be noted here is that evolution requires for its progress in the individual mental development some degree of dissolution and disintegration; and such is differentiation. § 4. Under the title of this chapter, therefore, we have nothing further to consider. We have found that each departure of a state of consciousness has been followed by the arrival of others, each differentiation by a redintegration, according to laws which we have found and expressed. What we want to know is, are there changes which are not followed by new redintegrations, and |