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sumed, were never allowed. His wife died in 1647. In the lower chancel are some Norm. arches with zigzag mouldings. The antiquary Dr. Stukeley, the "Archdruid of his age," as he was called, lies in the ch.-yd., by his own desire, "under the smooth turf, without a headstone." Stukeley died in 1765, Rector of St. George's, Queen Square. He chose this place for his interment some time before his death, when on a visit to the Vicar of East Ham.

parish in 1871, 12,523.) Barking stands on the Roding River, here called Barking Creek, 2 m. N. of the Thames. Barking Creek is no pleasant water-way. The mud banks along it, constantly increasing, obstruct the flow of the sluggish stream. Various factories adjoining add their charms of sight and smell, and the Northern Outfall of the London sewage, drained into the Thames at the mouth of the creek, by no means improves matters. Billingsgate fishmarket was until late years chiefly supplied by Barking smacks, which, sailing in fleets of 15 to 30, used to fish off the Dutch coast, in the North Sea, and as far as Orkney, for cod, bringing home the fish preserved in wells below. At least 1000 men and boys were em

The great sewer of the North London system traverses the East Ham marshes. The Roman Cloaca Maxima was small compared to it,-that being a single channel 14 ft. in diameter, built in dry masonry; while this consists of 3 co-ordinate channels of 9 ft. diameter, built of best bricks, and admirably cemented. In work-ployed in this fishery. But railways ing it, about m. from East Ham Church, a stone Roman sarcophagus, and some Roman coffins of lead were found (they are now in the British Museum). The site may have been a cemetery attached to a Roman camp at Uphall (see post),

Green Street House (now St. Edward's Roman Catholic Reformatory) is a fine old mansion with a brick tower, occupied at times, it is said, by Henry VIII. and Anne Boleyn. It has some remains of Tudor architecture, the gateway being of that period, with vestiges of Jacobean work. Rt., at North Woolwich, on the Thames bank, is the terminus of the branch railway from Stratford; with a pier and a steam-ferry every few minutes across the Thames to Woolwich.

The rly, leaving East Ham, crosses a low district of rich meadow-land and market-gardens, bordering on the Thames. It is reputed aguish, but has been, in this and other respects, somewhat improved even by its present imperfect drainage.

interfered with the fishing trade; the sanitary conditions of the place are entirely neglected; fever is frequent; and, from the increase of mudbanks, Barking is no longer able to receive vessels of the tonnage which formerly came up the creek. Hence the town is in indifferent condition, although in the neighbourhood still remain large market-gardens. 600 acres are devoted to potatoes, and nearly 200 to cabbages, for the supply of London. The Ch. of St. Margaret is Norm, and Perp. In it are numerous monuments, one to Sir C. Montagu, died 1625, brother to the first earl of Manchester, He is represented in a tent. The chancel is Norm., temp. Henry II. The ch. was restored in 1848 during the incumbency of the Hon. and Rev. R. Liddell. Captain Cook, the circumnavigator was married in this ch. to Eliz. Betts.

The Northern Outfall Reservoir, at the mouth of Barking Creek, is 114 m. below London Bridge. Its construction cost 172,2221. It covers an area of about 10 acres, and is capable of containing 39 million gallons of 7 m., Barking Stat. (Pop. of sewage. Its depth is about 17 f

sewage is poured into this reservoir, and thence is discharged into the Thames, through culverts carried into its bed, within two hours of high water, so that it is diluted by the full volume of the stream, and carried downward by the full strength of the tide. There are 3 great sewage systems for North London. The Northern High Level commences at Hampstead, and takes the drainage of all the neighbouring district. The Middle Level begins at Kensal Green, and joins the high level at Victoria Park. The Low Level begins at Millbank, skirts the Thames to the Tower, and then diverges to West Ham. From West Ham the 3 great drains are carried, mainly on arches, over the peat to Barking Reach.

The whole of the North London | Barking Abbey was destroyed by the Northmen in 870, but was rebuilt and re-endowed by Edgar towards the middle of the following century. The abbess, often of royal or of noble blood, had the precedency of all other abbesses in England, and was one of four (the others were Wilton, Shaftesbury, and St. Mary Winchester) who ranked as baronesses. The state maintained here was great; and the annual value of the house at the Dissolution was 10847. 68. 24d. (Speed). The nuns seem to have fared not uncomfortably. On the feasts of the Assumption and of St. Ethelburga, the cellaress was bound to provide half a goose for each lady; and “a lyverey of sowse at Martinmas,-a whole hog's sowse to serve three ladies." Among the abbesses was Mary, sister of St. Thomas of Canterbury, said to have been appointed by Henry II. after the archbishop's murder, as an atonement for the banishment of all Becket's relatives. Eleanor, Duchess of Gloucester, retired to Barking Abbey after the murder of her husband in 1397, and died here in 1399.

This Northern Outfall was completed and opened in July, 1864. The engineer was J. W. Bazalgette. The outfall (exclusive of the reservoir) cost altogether 669,7611. The work is more than Roman in its scale, and in the thorough massiveness of its construction.

The only part of the building left is the Fire-bell Gate, a Perp. gatetower, between the town and the

A small portion of the sewage has been turned to account in the cultivation of the Lodge Farm at Barking; and with excellent results. Large crops of rye-grass, of tur-ch.-yd., whence the curfew-bell was nips, of cabbages, and of mangold wurzel have been obtained, and 2 acres of strawberries produced in one year 150, the quality of the fruit being attested by the award of the bronze medal at the Royal Botanical Society's Exhibition.

Barking Abbey, once noted for its wealth, was founded in 670, by Erkenwald, afterwards Bp. of London, for Benedictine nuns. (See Bede, H. E., iv., c. 6-10. At the same time Erkenwald founded the monastery of Chertsey, where he was himself the first abbot. His sister, Ethelburga, was the first abbess of Barking, which place, under her rule, and afterwards, became famous for visions and miracles, duly recorded by Bede.)

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formerly rung. It has a large octangular turret at one corner, and a niche over the gateway. The principal chamber is said to have been the chapel of the Holy Rood; and traces of a crucifix may still be seen in relief on the wall. The abbey ch. stood most likely N. of the ch.-yd.

After the Conqueror had been crowned at Westminster (Christmas, 1066), he retired to Barking, whilst the fortifications, before commenced by him on the site of the present Tower, were completing. Many English swore fealty to him at Barking, among whom, according to one writer (William of Poitiers), were the Northern Earls, Eadwin and Morkere. At Uphall, on the 1. bank of the Roding,

a short distance N. of Barking, are some great earthworks, which (probably of Roman origin) may have also served as the Conqueror's camp. The form of the entrenchment is not regular, though tending to a square. It is 1792 yds. in circumference, and contains an area of more than 48 acres. N., E. and S. it is single trenched. W., parallel to the Roding, and a short distance from it, is a double trench and bank. At the N.W. corner was an outlet to a fine spring of water, guarded by an inner work, and by a high keep or mound of earth. No Roman relics have been found here.

[1 m. 1. is Eastbury, a red-brick Elizabethan house (built 1572), with a turret stair in the rear and some moulded chimney-shafts. Traditions report, with slight probability, that the Powder Plot conspirators met here, and that they hoped to have witnessed, from the top of the great tower, the destruction of the Houses of Parliament.

2 m. 1. is Dagenham (Pop., 2879). In the Ch. (restored in 1860) is the brass of Sir Thomas Urswyk, recorder of London, Chief Baron of the Exchequer (died 1470)—a good specimen of the judicial costume--and wife; with 4 sons and 9 daughters, the eldest a nun. The inscription on the monument of Sir Richard Alibon deserves notice. He was "advanced by Jas. II. to the rank of a judge, though he was a Roman Catholic."]

In the parish of Dagenham is a large tract of land lying lower than the bed of the river, and protected from inundations by sea-walls, which were anciently kept up and repaired at the charge of the abbey of Barking. Repeated ruptures of the embankments and consequent overflows are recorded. In 1707, the Thames burst through a dyke, and besides sweeping away 120 acres, laid 1000

under water. After many costly trials the landowners abandoned the attempt to restore the dyke, and, as the navigation of the river was endangered, funds were raised for the purpose under an act of parliament by a small tax upon vessels entering the port of London. Captain Perry, an engineer, employed by Peter the Great, in Russia, completed the task in 1723, after labouring for five years, at a cost of nearly 42,500l. Traces of the disaster re main in a large pool of 44 acres, surrounded by 27 acres of reeds, resorted to by anglers, who subscribe for its preservation, and whose place of resort is Dagenham Breach House. Mrs. Fry had a pretty cottage on the bank of this pool; Miss Buxton writes from "our singular retirement, living out of doors on the rich bank, which is overflowing with grass and flowers, and watching the hundreds of fine ships, which from here seem to float among the fields; but when we climb the banks there lies the river stretched out, its lovely reaches glittering in the sun."

12 m. Rainham Stat. Inn: Phonix, where flys, &c., are to be obtained. The Church-greatly defaced by modern alteration and repair, has massive Norm, nave arcades, a highly enriched Norm. chancel arch, and a priest's door, also Norm., on S. side of chancel (the tower, of the same period, has undergone alteration)-in it are the brasses of a civilian and wife, circ. 1500; the inscriptions lost. The ch. was given by Richard de Lucy, Grand Justiciar of England under Hen. II., to his abbey of Lesnes in Kent.

Wennington (1 mile E. from Rainham Stat.) Ch., of Norm, foundation, of which the chancel retains some remains as well as of the E. E. style; but the structure was almost entirely rebuilt in the 15th centy. The S. aisle has been destroyed.

in the basement of the tower.

Indications of the lancet style exist | rich old tapestry, and have ceilings of carved oak. There is a suite that Queen Elizabeth is said (with little foundation) to have occupied on the night before her visit to Tilbury. The house stands in a fine deer-park. Walpole says of it in 1754, "I never saw a place, for which one did not wish, so totally void of faults."

15 m. Purfleet Stat. A village on the N. bank of the Thames, having extensive Lime-works belonging to W. H. Whitbread, Esq., where many thousand tons of chalk are burnt yearly and exported. Here also is a Government Powder Magazine, capable of holding 60,000 barrels, in five detached bomb-proof casemates.

[Aveley, a pleasant village on a height, may be visited from Purfleet, (14 m.). The parish Ch., dedicated to St. Michael, is of 3 distinct periods of architecture: S. arcade Norm.; other arches E. E.; windows of early and later Perp. work: oak screen of 15th century; font, Norm., of Purbeck marble. In the chancel is the small brass, of Fl mish workmanship, of Ralph de Knevynton. The inscription records his death on the Thursday before the Fc st of St. Nicholas, A.D., 1370, “litera dominicali f." The brass is a good example of armour. Remark the sleeves of the haketon appearing at the wrists, under the body armour, and the manner in which the helmet is attached by chains to the breast, so that the knight might recover it if knocked off in the fray. In the same manner the sword and dagger are fastened to the girdle.

m. beyond Aveley is Belhus, Sir T. Barrett Lennard, Bart.; built by John Barret in the reign of Henry VIII., but new-fronted and otherwise added to, though in a similar style of architecture. It contains various family portraits of the "Dacres of the South" (among them Thomas Dacre by Holbein and Richard Lennard, Lord Dacre, said to be by Vandyck) and a few works of old masters-including portraits of Villiers, Lord Grandison (Vandyck); David Walter, Groom of the Bedchamber to Chas. II. (Lely); and the Duchess of Cleveland (Lely) Some of the rooms are hung with

The moated house of Bretts in this parish, now occupied by a farmer, but formerly a seat of the Le Bret family (one of the murderers of Abp. Becket was a Le Bret), may be worth inspecting by the antiquary, although it has been modernized externally.]

[In the Ch. of West-Thurrock (1.) is the brass of Humphrey Heies, died 1585; with 18 lines full of puns on the name Hay (s)-" fœnum.” The ch. is said to have been built for the convenience of pilgrims crossing the river here on their way to Canterbury. Though small, the church is of much interest, possessing some very peculiar architectural features. It comprises a nave with N. and S. aisles, chancel (larger than the nave), N. chantry, S. chantry (rebuilt), and W. tower; nave and aisles E. E. with early Perp. window inserted; chancel and N. chantry Dec. The E. window of three lights is of very peculiar character; trefoil-headed lancets in the N. and S. walls. Very interesting features in the chantry; curious double-light window, apparently an early Perp. insertion. Large slab with matrices of effigy of a priest, and floral cross with Norman - French inscription. Two early Jacobæan effigies, of full size, of a man in armour and his lady, sculptured in alabaster. They lie upon the pavement, detached from a destroyed monument.]

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the Gravesend steamers touch five | p. 158. The chalk of Grays-Thurtimes a day. It is named from the rock is also rich in fossils.

The ch. register records the wreck, in 1697, of the tilt boat, plying between Gravesend and London. 56 persons were drowned.

The Ch. has been largely and barbarously rebuilt of white brick, but retaining some portions of the ancient structure internally, of the transition Norm. period, worthy of examination. Within the semicircular chancel-arch, and adapted to it, are the remains of a 15th-centy. oak screen.

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family of Gray, who were the owners more than 300 years, the manor having been granted to them by Richd. I. in 1149. Belmont Castle, surmounted by a round tower, is a modern Gothic building, erected by the late Zach. Button, Esq. The geological features of Grays-Thurrock are very interesting. The bed of ochreous gravel, forming the most marked feature of the Thames valley (it extends from above Maidenhead to the sea, with a width varying from 2 to 9 m.) is interstratified in places with beds of sand, loam, and [At Little Thurrock, 1 m. from clay. Good sections of brick-earth, Grays, are some of those remarkable loam, and gravel are exposed to view excavations in the chalk, known in artificial excavations at Grays- as Dane-pits," Dane-holes," or Thurrock. The strata are "pre- "Cunobeline's Gold-mines." See cisely such as would be formed by post, East Tilbury, for a longer notice the silting up of an old river channel. of them. The Church is apparently Among the mammalia found here of Norm. foundation. The chancel are Elephas antiquus, Rhinoceros lep-exhibits E. E. and Dec. features; torhinus, Hippopotamus major, and E. window of reticulated tracery; species of horse, bear, ox, and stag, a geometric window on the S. side, and among the accompanying shells, under which are graduated sedilia Cyrena fluminalis, which is ex and piscina richly moulded. Perp. tremely abundant; and Unio litto- windows in the nave. ralis, also in great numbers and with valves united. This conspicuous fresh-water mussel is no longer an inhabitant of the British Isles, but still lives in the Seine, and is still more abundant in the Loire." Lyell, who suggests that the remains found in the Thames basin, as in those of the Somme and the Seine, indicate that the countries now drained by those rivers were, in the post-pleiocene period, on the borders of two distinct zoological provinces-one N., the other S.-and that species belonging to each fauna occasionally wandered into the neighbouring domain. "The [A good turnpike-road crosses the Elephas antiquus and its associated country from Grays-Thurrock to Rhinoceros leptorhinus may have pre- Romford (10 m). The Ch. of Stifford ceded the mammoth and tichorine (1 m.) has undergone thorough rhinoceros in the valley of the Thames, restoration. It is of Norm. foundaor both may have alternately pre- tion with alterations in later styles vailed in the same area in the post-exhibiting E.E., Dec. and Perp. work. pleiocene period."-Antiq. of Man, Nave arches E. E.; chantry chapel

Orsett (4 m. N.E. from GraysThurrock Stat.). A spacious church, recently restored and enlarged, of Norm. foundation, rebuilt in the 13th centy., and underwent extensive alterations during the prevalence of the Dec. and Perp. styles. A fine Norm. doorway remains. Nave five bays in length, with 13th-century arcade; windows of the chancel Dec. and Perp. An elegant 14th-centy. oak screen divides the N. chapel from the aisle. There are several brasses in the ch.]

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