XVII. The object of a preposition (if a noun or pronoun) is in the objective case. [See Exercise XX., at the end of the chapter.] 405. We have now gone through with the parts of speech which combine with one another to form simple sentences, and have noticed the ways in which their combinations are made. In these ways, the necessary elements of the sentence, the bare subject and predicate, are extended and filled up so as to express a thought in a more complete and detailed manner. 406. We may sum up the processes of combination as follows (in these statements, for brevity's sake, we treat the pronoun as included along with the noun): a. The original elements of the sentence are the subjectnoun and the verb. b. The meaning of the verb may be filled out by an object-noun; also, by a predicate adjective or noun (qualifying either the subject or the object); or it may be modified by an adverb. c. A noun in any construction in the sentence may be qualified by an adjective; an adjective, by an adverb; an adverb, by another adverb. d. A noun may be made to qualify another noun, adjectively, by being put in the possessive case, or by being joined to the other noun by a preposition; it may be made to qualify a verb or adjective or adverb, adverbially, sometimes in the objective case simply, but usually by means of a preposition. The "absolute" construction (395) of a noun with an appositive adjunct is here left unnoticed, as being less common, and apart from the ordinary processes of sentence-making. Also, the compounding of the various elements of a sentence by means of conjunctions (327), because this is a kind of abbreviation, and will be treated of in a later place (Chapter XVII.). 407. The words and phrases thus added to the subjectnoun, or bare subject, and to the verb, or bare predicate, are, in either case, called its QUALIFIERS, or MODIFIERS, or ADJUNCTS; or, collectively, its cOMPLEMENT. And the bare subject or predicate along with its adjuncts or modifiers is called the COMPLETE subject or predicate. Some prefer to speak of the subject as "extended or enlarged," and of the predicate as "completed," by the additions made to each respectively; and hence, to call the whole subject the "enlarged" or "extended" subject, and to call only the predicate "" completed" or "complete"; but the distinction is not of consequence enough to be worth making. 408. A SIMPLE SENTENCE is one which is made up of one subject and of one predicate, however many words either of them may contain. 409. In the ways described above, the simple sentence is, in theory, capable of being drawn out and filled up to any extent made a whole page long, for instance. But, in practice, the length of a sentence is kept within limits. by the fear of becoming awkward and lumbering, or even unintelligible. We put what we have to say, by preference, into a series of briefer sentences, separate statements. And the relation of these separate statements to one another we often determine by means of connecting words. 410. The connecting words which determine the relation of sentences to one another are the conjunctions and the relative or conjunctive pronouns and pronominal adjectives. These bind together simple sentences more or less completely into a whole. Combinations of simple sentences made in this way are called compound and complex sentences: and we have next to take up and explain such sentences. EXERCISES FOR PRACTICE IN THE CONSTRUCTIONS INVOLVED IN THE SIMPLE SENTENCE. The simpler and more common constructions have in general had illustration enough, in the exercises to the preceding chapters. The exercises that follow are meant especially to show the rarer and more exceptional combinations which are treated of in this chapter. XIII. Impersonal, Collective, and Compound Subjects: § 348. It dawns; will it never be day? How far is it, my lord, to Berkley now? Nearly one half of the inhabitants were assembled, and nearly the other half were engaged in a more peaceful duty. The army of the queen mean to besiege us. 'T was Pentecost, the feast of gladness. Havoc and spoil and ruin are my gain. The world has all its eyes on Cato's son. But by the yellow Tiber was tumult and affright. And now the foe their covert quit. It was the deep mid-noon. The liberality and gratitude of the Normans were remarkable. My quarrel and the English queen's are one. A land where Nature, Freedom, Art smile hand in hand. The weary crew their vessel kept. XIV. Predicate Noun and Adjective; Adverbial Predicate: §§ 350-7. Hope springs eternal in the human breast. All looks yellow to the jaundiced eye. Man became a living soul. The time turns torment, when man turns a fool. The judicious are always a minority. With him lay dead both hope and pride. How come you thus estranged? This act shows terrible and grim. Open fly the infernal doors. Men may live fools, but fools they cannot die. The harvest truly is plenteous, but the laborers are few. James was declared a mortal and bloody enemy, a tyrant, a mur derer, and a usurper. The temptation had proved irresistible. That Louis who was styled the father of his people. How remarkably heavy it is! it feels heavier than usual. A French king was brought prisoner to London. Now is the winter of our discontent Made glorious summer by this sun of York. She would make a better heroine than Clelia. The fiend lies stretched out, huge in length. She stood silent, as the heralds pressed her hand. My wedding-bell rings merry in my ear. XV. Objects of the Verb; Objective Predicate: §§ 358-71. The objective predicate word may be described as qualifying (or, if a noun, as relating to and describing) such and such a noun or pronoun, as objective predicate, being brought into connection with it by such and such a verb, of which it (the noun or pronoun) is the direct object. I'll leave my son my virtuous deeds behind. I mean you no harm. He gives his parents no tremulous anxiety. Ask me no questions, and I'll tell you no fibs. Merry elves, their morrice pacing, Trip it deft and merrily. She sweeps it through the court with troops of ladies. We can walk it perfectly well; we want no coach to carry us now. The gale had sighed itself to rest. He sighed a sigh, and prayed a prayer. Death grinned horrible a ghastly smile. We will kiss sweet kisses. From them I go this uncouth errand sole. Perseverance keeps honor bright. All men think all men mortal but themselves. He hides his own offences, and strips others' bare. The shower has left the myrtles and the violet-bank so fresh. I warrant him a warrior tried. I must not see thee Osman's bride. Heaven's blest beam turns vinegar more sour. XVI. Attributive and Appositive Adjective and Noun: §§ 372-9. We may describe the appositive noun as in apposition with such and such a noun (or pronoun), being added to it in order further to designate the same thing; and the appositive adjective in a similar manner. History is philosophy teaching by examples. Without the assistance of these works, indeed, a revolution could have taken place a revolution productive of much good and much evil; tremendous but short-lived evil; dearly purchased but durable good. Learning, that cobweb of the brain. Ardent and intrepid on the field of battle, Monmouth was everywhere else effeminate and irresolute. I found the urchin Cupid sleeping. On him, their second Providence, they hung. Fallen from his high estate, And weltering in his blood. Truth, crushed to earth, shall rise again; |