Choosing and Using Statistics: A Biologist's GuideThe first edition of this excellent handbook was extremely well received by both students and lecturers alike. It has helped to simplify the often complex and difficult task of choosing and using the right statistics package. This is a book for any student or professional biologist who wants to process data using a statistical package on the computer, to select appropriate methods, and extract the important information from the often confusing output that is produced. It is aimed primarily at undergraduates and masters students in the biological sciences who have to apply statistics in practical classes and projects. Such users of statistics do not have to understand either how tests work or how to do the calculations, and these aspects are not covered in the book. The new edition has been updated to cover the very latest versions of the computer packages described, expanded to include coverage for logistic regression, a more detailed consideration of multivariate analysis, data exploration and further examples of Principle Component Analysis and Discriminate Function Analysis are given.
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Contents
| 1 | |
2 The basics | 2 |
Pvalues | 3 |
Experiments | 4 |
Tests of difference | 5 |
Tests for data investigation | 6 |
3 Choosing a test a key | 7 |
A key to assist in your choice of statistical test | 8 |
Repeated measures ANOVA | 107 |
Independent samples | 108 |
Oneway ANOVA | 109 |
Post hoc testing after oneway ANOVA | 116 |
KruskalWallis test | 119 |
Post hoc testing after the KruskalWallis test | 121 |
There are two independent ways of classifying the data | 122 |
Twoway ANOVA without replication | 126 |
4 Hypothesis testing sampling and experimental design | 22 |
Pvalues | 23 |
Sampling | 24 |
Number of sample units | 25 |
Timing of sampling | 26 |
Procedural controls | 27 |
Statistical control | 28 |
5 Statistics variables and distributions | 30 |
Types of statistics | 31 |
Types of variables or scales of measurement | 32 |
Ranked variables | 33 |
Types of distributions | 34 |
Binomial distribution | 35 |
Negative binomial distribution | 37 |
Continuous distributions | 38 |
Describing normal distribution further | 39 |
Transformations | 41 |
tdistribution | 43 |
Chisquare distribution | 44 |
Ranking quartiles and the interquartile range | 45 |
6 Descriptive and presentational techniques | 46 |
Descriptive statistics | 49 |
Statistics of distribution dispersion or spread | 50 |
Other summary statistics | 53 |
Displaying data summarizing two or more variables | 57 |
Displaying data comparing two variables | 58 |
Trends predictions and time series | 59 |
Displaying data comparing more than two variables | 63 |
Multiple trends time series and predictions | 64 |
7 The tests 1 tests to look at differences | 66 |
Chisquare test 2 | 68 |
KolmogorovSmirnov test | 77 |
AndersonDarling test | 79 |
Do the observations from two groups differ? | 80 |
Wilcoxon signed ranks test | 83 |
Sign test | 85 |
Unpaired data | 89 |
Oneway ANOVA | 94 |
MannWhitney U test | 101 |
Do the observations from more than two groups differ? | 104 |
More than one observation for each factor combination with replication | 133 |
Twoway ANOVA with replication | 137 |
ScheirerRayHare test | 145 |
There are more than two independent ways to classify the data | 151 |
Threeway ANOVA with replication | 152 |
Multiway ANOVA | 157 |
Not all classifications are independent | 158 |
Nested or hierarchical designs | 159 |
Twolevel nested design ANOVA | 160 |
8 The tests 2 tests to look at relationships | 165 |
Cramér coefficient of association | 172 |
Observations assigned a value | 173 |
Spearman rankorder correlation | 177 |
Kendall rankorder correlation | 179 |
Regression | 181 |
Kendall robust linefit method | 189 |
Model II regression | 192 |
Tests for more than two variables | 193 |
Partial correlation | 194 |
Analysis of covariance ANCOVA | 195 |
Multiple regression | 198 |
Path analysis | 199 |
9 The tests 3 tests for data exploration | 200 |
Canonical variate analysis CVA | 205 |
Multivariate analysis of variance MANOVA | 210 |
Multivariate analysis of covariance MANCOVA | 212 |
DECORANA and TWINSPAN | 214 |
10 Symbols and letters used in statistics | 216 |
Upper case letters | 217 |
Lower case letters | 218 |
11 Glossary | 219 |
12 Assumptions of the tests | 234 |
What if the assumptions are violated? | 236 |
13 Hints and tips | 237 |
Sampling | 238 |
Displaying the data | 239 |
14 A table of statistical tests | 241 |
| 243 | |
