8. A head of at least 150 feet should be available between the off-channel storage facility and the reservoir level. b. Generation of about 1400 kwh per kw per year may be assumed as typical for peak load operation, unless other use factors have been indicated by appropriate entities. required. C. For each 2 kwh of generation, assume 3 kwh of pumping energy d. Assume pump discharge capacity equal to 0.8 of the turbine discharge capacity. e. Useable off-channel storage should be available in an amount sufficient to allow at least a daily cycle of generating and pumping. f. In estimating the cost of a reversible unit, the cost of a pump-turbine and generator-motor may be assumed to be about 150% of the cost of a conventional turbine-generator for the head involved. 9. The items mentioned above are also generally appropriate for reconnaissance or preliminary evaluations of integral projects. However, for this type of project paragraph 8e above is not applicable. Also the head limitation noted in paragraph 8a above might be lowered for integral projects. 10. Appendix I is a bibliography of selected references concerning pumped storage developments. FOR THE CHIEF OF ENGINEERS: APPENDIX I Bibliography W. P. LEBER Colonel, Corps of Engineers APPENDIX I BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. 2. 3. The Use of Pumped Storage in Electricity Supply. The B.E.A.M.A. Some Problems in Using Pump Storage for Modern Power Development. Record-size Pump-turbine to be Installed at TVA's Hiwassee Project. 4. Pumped-storage gives Buchanan Dam Low Cost Peaking Capacity. Electrical World, (25 Sep 1950). A Case 5. Hydro and Pumped Storage Economic in Low Load Factor Duty. for Hydro Peaking. Electrical World (5 Dec 1960). Wm J. Rheingans. 6. Pumping Problems Present and Future. Proc. Inst. of Civil Engineers, Part 3, Vol. 5, (1956). Herbert Addison. 7. 8. 9. 10. Colorado Big Thompson Project. Engineer, Vol. 199, (3, 10 June 1955). Comparative Study of Kaplan and Deriaz Turbines. The Economics and Design of the Blaneau Ffestiniog Pumped Storage Scheme. E. S. Booth and G. Kennedy. The Mixed-Flow Variable-Pitch Pump-Turbine. Water Power, (Feb 1960) Mr. CANNON. General Cassidy, will you at this time summarize the report for the committee's benefit? General CASSIDY. We have asked the field in their surveys to consider pumped storage both at the site of the main structure and at the sites which are away from the dam and along the reservoir. It will be considered during the survey procedures, and its economics and costs will be considered. In addition, we have asked the field in advanced engineering and design, to consider the necessity for pumped storage on the project. These are the instructions we have issued. Mr. CANNON. In response to our request you have given us a report, but you have not summarized it. I wonder if you could summarize it at this time? General CASSIDY. The letter that was written, Mr. Chairman, with respect to our requirements for surveying pumped storage nationwide, states if we made a survey to consider pumped storage sites nationwide, on all reservoir projects whether they now include power features or not such a survey would cost about $450,000 and would require about 18 months to complete. However, because pumped storage is a special type of operation which must have a firm base, and which at the present time would fit certain river basins better than others, we can make a smaller survey in the areas where we think it is most applicable, and here we could make a survey for $225,000 and could complete the survey in about 1 year. Mr. CANNON. This is a comparatively new activity. General CASSIDY. That is correct, sir. Very new in this country. Mr. CANNON. But it offers opportunity for vastly increased benefits? General CASSIDY. This is correct. Where it is feasible it will provide very good benefits. Mr. CANNON. What has attracted your attention to this feature? What has diverted your interest to pumped storage in recent years, when we have not formerly given it any attention? General CASSIDY. There has been an increasing interest or activity in pumped storage within the engineering profession in the United States. However, the immediate interest by the Corps of Engineers, I believe, was generated by your questioning of Mr. Douglas Wright about a year ago, and more recently an application for a pumped storage site on Keystone Reservoir, one of the Corps of Engineers projects. Mr. CANNON. Have you any projects of this character in operation at this time? General CASSIDY. We do not, sir. Mr. CANNON. When do you expect to have one? General CASSIDY. We are studying pumped storage at Joanna Reservoir right now. This is in a survey report which should be presented to the Congress at its next session. There is an application for a license before the Federal Power Commission for an offsite pumped storage project on Keystone Reservoir. This is a private application and it is possible that it could go ahead, but the first recommendation of the Corps of Engineers, I believe, will be in the Joanna report. APPENDIX I BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. 2. The Use of Pumped Storage in Electricity Supply. The B.E.A.M.A. Some Problems in Using Pump Storage for Modern Power Development. 3. Record-size Pump-turbine to be Installed at TVA's Hiwassee Project. Civ Eng, (Mar 1953). R. A. Elliot and D. H. Mattern. 4. Pumped-storage gives Buchanan Dam Low Cost Peaking Capacity. Electrical World, (25 Sep 1950). A Case 5. Hydro and Pumped Storage Economic in Low Load Factor Duty. for Hydro Peaking. Electrical World (5 Dec 1960). Wm J. Rheingans. 6. Pumping Problems Present and Future. Proc. Inst. of Civil Engineers, Part 3, Vol. 5, (1956). Herbert Addison. 8. 9. 10. Big Thompson Project. Engineer, Vol. 199, (3, 10 June 1955). Comparative Study of Kaplan and Deriaz Turbines. Electrical Review, The Economics and Design of the Blaneau Ffestiniog Pumped Storage Scheme. E. S. Booth and G. Kennedy. The Mixed-Flow Variable-Pitch Pump-Turbine. Water Power, (Feb 1960) P. Deriaz. Mr. CANNON. General Cassidy, will you at this time summarize the report for the committee's benefit? General CASSIDY. We have asked the field in their surveys to consider pumped storage both at the site of the main structure and at the sites which are away from the dam and along the reservoir. It will be considered during the survey procedures, and its economics and costs will be considered. In addition, we have asked the field in advanced engineering and design, to consider the necessity for pumped storage on the project. These are the instructions we have issued. Mr. CANNON. In response to our request you have given us a report, but you have not summarized it. I wonder if you could summarize it at this time? General CASSIDY. The letter that was written, Mr. Chairman, with respect to our requirements for surveying pumped storage nationwide, states if we made a survey to consider pumped storage sites nationwide, on all reservoir projects whether they now include power features or not such a survey would cost about $450,000 and would require about 18 months to complete. However, because pumped storage is a special type of operation which must have a firm base, and which at the present time would fit certain river basins better than others, we can make a smaller survey in the areas where we think it is most applicable, and here we could make a survey for $225,000 and could. complete the survey in about 1 year. Mr. CANNON. This is a comparatively new activity. General CASSIDY. That is correct, sir. Very new in this country. Mr. CANNON. But it offers opportunity for vastly increased benefits? General CASSIDY. This is correct. Where it is feasible it will provide very good benefits. Mr. CANNON. What has attracted your attention to this feature? What has diverted your interest to pumped storage in recent years, when we have not formerly given it any attention? General CASSIDY. There has been an increasing interest or activity in pumped storage within the engineering profession in the United States. However, the immediate interest by the Corps of Engineers, I believe, was generated by your questioning of Mr. Douglas Wright about a year ago, and more recently an application for a pumped storage site on Keystone Reservoir, one of the Corps of Engineers projects. Mr. CANNON. Have you any projects of this character in operation at this time? General CASSIDY. We do not, sir. Mr. CANNON. When do you expect to have one? General CASSIDY. We are studying pumped storage at Joanna Reservoir right now. This is in a survey report which should be presented to the Congress at its next session. There is an application for a license before the Federal Power Commission for an offsite pumped storage project on Keystone Reservoir. This is a private application and it is possible that it could go ahead, but the first recommendation of the Corps of Engineers, I believe, will be in the Joanna. report. |