his daughter in 1779, 1782, 1794, 1802, and 1827. The method was not very rapid, though quite legible. In 1792 Théodore Pierre Bertin, the translator of numerous English books, adapted Samuel Taylor's system (1786) to the French language. His work passed through several edi. tions. Conen de Prépéan and Hippolyte Prévost modified the TaylorBertin system for the purpose of giving greater legibility to the writ ing without sacrificing speed. Prévost retained Taylor's alphabetical signs for the consonants, but added initial and terminal signs. His method, published in 1828, passed through seven editions. It began to be used in the official service in 1830, and half the present stenographers still use it. Conen de Prépéan began the modification of Taylor's system in 1809. He simplified the writing by assigning the easiest signs to the most frequently recurring words in French, introduced vowels in the body of words, and made other changes. His work was reëdited in 1815, 1817, 1822, and 1825, was much altered, and met with great success. The alphabet was followed with slight modifications by Aimé-Paris, and the system has been adapted to the Latin language by Bossuyt (Ghent, 1814) and to the Dutch by Cornelius Steger, chief official stenographer at The Hague. The majority of the parliamentary stenographers use the system of Conen de Prépéan or that of Prévost. Two other methods deserve mention, that of Sénocq, based on the line of ordinary writing, and that of the Abbé Duployé, curé of MontignyCarotte, who formed his alphabet from that of Aimé-Paris. The latter system has awakened great controversy and severe criticism. Sénocq, a teacher in Paris, invented his system in 1832, and published several editions. This system is easy to write, but not very rapid, and that of Duployé is open to the same objection. Both sacrifice rapidity to legibility. Only two stenographers in the official service use the method of Duployé.

Germany. The following statement has been furnished by the eminent Prof. Dr. J. W. Zeibig, of the Royal Stenographic Institute, Dresden, author of several works on shorthand and of the most scholarly and valuable history of the art that has ever appeared in any language:

There are two leading systems of stenography in Germany; that invented by Franz Xavier Gabelsberger, in 1817, which was subsequently perfected principally through the labors of the Royal Stenographic Institute at Dresden, in the years 1854-1857, and that of Wilhelm Stolze, based upon that of Gabelsberger. After these comes that which Leopold Arends published in 1860, which is copied from the French system of Fayet. While Gabelsberger's system has remained unchanged in principle up to this time, that of Stolze has split into two great divisions, the old and the new Stolze, and these two divisions contain many smaller factions: Velten's school stenography, Adler's single-line short writing, &c. Arends' system has also been similarly divided, viz, into Roller's stenography and Lehmann's steno-tachygra

phy. New methods of shorthand writing, which scarcely came into existence before they disappeared, have sprung up from time to time.

The following figures show the status of the Gabelsberger system from July 1, 1881, to June 30, 1882:1 There were in all 379 societies, with 10,039 regular members, 1,997 corresponding and honorary members, and 1,986 extraordinary members; 309 of these societies were in the German Empire, with 7,572 regular, 1,509 corresponding, and honorary, and 1,344 extraordinary members. In Austria-Hungary there were 49 societies, with 2,109 regular, 363 corresponding and honorary, and 563 extraordinary members; in Switzerland, 7 societies, with 130 regular, 99 corresponding and honorary, and 69 extraordinary members; in Italy, 12 societies, with 220 members; in Finland, 1 society, and in England, 1. The number of persons instructed during this year was 30,128, 22,033 in and 8,095 out of schools. Of these, 13,963 were in the German Empire, 15,360 in Austria-Hungary, 120 in Switzerland, 338 in Italy, 107 in Bulgaria, 25 in Denmark, 136 in Norway, 2 in France, 62 in England, and 15 in America. Commissions appointed by the government to examine candidates for teachers of stenography exist in Austria-Hungary, Bavaria, and Saxony. The system of Gabelsberger has been adapted to foreign languages to such an extent that legislative proceedings are reported by it in Prague, Agram, Buda-Pesth, Sophia, Athens, Copenhagen, Christiania, Stockholm, and Helsingfors. The proceedings of the Chambers in Bavaria, Baden, Württemberg, Saxony, Saxe-Weimar, Coburg-Gotha, Silesia, and the Rhine Provinces are reported solely by stenographers using this system, and half the stenographers in the German Reichstag use it also.

To Dr. Zeibig's statement the following facts in reference to other systems than that of Gabelsberger are added. The Stolze system of shorthand has at present 340 associations, with 6,347 members. These societies instructed 4,560 persons during 1882-'83. In addition to these societies there are three societies devoted to the English translation, two to the Hungarian, and one to the Russian. Instruction has been given in English to 92 persons; in Swedish, to 28; in Russian, to 179; in Dutch, to 31; in French, to 5. The system has been officially introduced into 26 high schools in Prussia and several military schools. It is also taught in the Hungarian schools. The system is officially used in the German, Prussian, Hungarian, and Swedish Parliaments and the Russian Government Council.

In 1881 there were 54 societies devoted to the Arends system, with 1,075 members and 572 advanced students.

Greece. The first system published in the Greek language was that of Panos Heliopoulos, in 1853. It met with little success. Joseph

1The statistics for the year 1882-'83, which have been printed since the above statement was prepared, show the present number of societies to be 413, with 10,544 members.

Mindler, a German stenographer, translated Gabelsberger's system in 1856, and was appointed stenographer to the Greek National Council at Athens. He organized a society at Patras in 1863, which was dissolved soon after his death. A modification of Mindler's work by Blachos gained some adherents. A son of Mr. Mindler is engaged at this time by the National Council. Outside this official use of shorthand there is scarcely any knowledge of the art.

Hungary. The first system practically used in Пungary was a translation of the English system of Taylor, by Borsos. In 1863, Ivan Markovits published a translation of Gabelsberger, and soon afterward Adolf Fennyvessy followed with an adaptation of Stolze. Fennyvessy and a pupil named Konyi were made chiefs of the stenographic bureau of the Parliament. The number of stenographers at present in the bureau is 15, 10 of whom use the system of Stolze and 5 that of Gabelsberger. Both systems have a number of associations and are taught in many schools; 3,796 pupils were taught during 1882. Two shorthand journals are issued, the Magyar Gyorsiró (Stolze), edited by Dr. Günther, and the Gyorsirászati Lapok (Gabelsberger), edited by Ivan Markovits, at Buda-Pesth.

Italy. The Chamber and the Senate are reported by a staff of 13 stenographers and 6 revisers. All use the system of Delpino, an adaptation of Taylor, except Mr. Tealdi, who employs a method of his own. For a year past the Senate has been partly reported by the writing machine of Mr. Michela, with a result said to be fairly satisfactory. The system of Gabelsberger-Noe is the only one, save Delpino's, which has gained many followers. In 1880-'81 the number of associations was 12, with 437 members, giving instruction to 1,032 persons. The latest statistics indicate a great decrease in interest and show a present membership in the societies of 220, with 330 students. Formerly seven shorthand journals were issued, but the number is now reduced to three. Mr. Oscar Greco has made valuable experiments with reference to the use of shorthand in the navy, and the facts have been laid before the naval department. As a result, it is thought that the stenographic characters will be used as a means of giving signals and conveying information to vessels. A phonetic society devoted to the adaptation of Pitman's phonography was organized at Rome in the latter part of 1883, under the presidency of Alceste Zana. Isaac Pitman himself was present at the first meeting.

Mexico. A manual of shorthand was published by Bustamente, but the art seems to be used very little and has no official recognition.

Netherlands.-Twelve stenographers are employed at the parliament at The Hague, the service costing 23,000 florins yearly, or about $10,000. The system used is that of Steger, the president of the bureau, who translated Taylor's shorthand and who has written a history of the art. A translation of Gabelsberger's system was made by Rietstap in 1869. Stolze's system, translated by Herman Reinbold in 1881, already has

some adherents. This system is taught and employed in the city council of Amsterdam by G. Lotman. Mr. Steger gives instruction.. A German association has been formed at Amsterdam.

Norway. The Storthing at Christiania is reported by a stenographic bureau whose president, Mr. Capellen, gives public instruction in the art. The system used is a translation of Gabelsberger by Paludan. Portugal.-A translation of Taylor's stenography was published by Patricio Pinto Rodriguez in 1803. In 1820, when a parliament was formed, the Spanish stenographer, Marti, was called to Lisbon, where he gave instruction in the art. In 1822 he was appointed official stenographer to the Cortes. His son, Miguel Marti, succeeded him. Of late shorthand has come into use more widely and is employed in the courts.

Roumania.-The Senate and the Chamber of Deputies at Bucharest are reported by a stenographic bureau of 6, the president of which is Mr. A. Stoenescu, a translator of Gabelsberger's system. A monthly magazine is issued by him in connection with Eugen Succevană, called the Stenografulă Română. The system most used in Roumania is a translation of the French work of Tondeur.

Russia. The first system of shorthand published was issued by Baron von Wolke at the end of the last century. Many others followed, but none was widely adopted. In 1864 the ministry of education offered a reward of 1,500 rubles for the best treatise on the art. Olchin produced a translation of Gabelsberger and another was issued by Tornauw and Zeibig. Soon afterward a translation of Stolze by Paulson and Messer appeared. The reward of the government was divided between the two systems of Gabelsberger and Stolze. Many works have been issued in both systems since. Shorthand is officially used in the higher courts of St. Petersburg and in the principal cities of the provincial governments. A shorthand bureau, under the presidency of Mr. Stanislaus Dlussky, was recently organized, and an association, with 25 members, exists at Kiew. Only one shorthand journal is published, the Stenographic Messenger, printed in the Stolze-Paulson style, and edited by Mr. Dlussky. An almanac devoted to the Stolze system is issued yearly at Charkow.

Servia.-A translation of Stolze's system into the Servian was published by Milovuc in 1866, and another was edited the next year by Djordjevic. The former translation was little used, but the demand for it was limited, as Servia was at that time a Turkish province. When Servia became a kingdom in 1876 and a parliament was formed, the government sent an official to Austria to learn the art and adapt it to his native tongue. He went to Vienna and studied Gabelsberger's system. Instruction was given after his return to Belgrade, and four of the students were employed as stenographers in the Senate or Scruptshina. The art has as yet made little progress, though instruction is given each year.

Spain. In the year 1802 the Government established a school of shorthand, the Escuela de Taquigrafia, which is still in existence. The sys

tem taught is that of Paula Marti. The Cortes is reported by a stenographic bureau of 19, the proceedings being published the day after the session in the Diario de Cortes. The service costs 200,000 reales yearly. Of late shorthand has been introduced more generally among the people and in schools, the system of Garriga y Maril being most popular. Two associations are devoted to the propagation of this system, one at Barcelona, with a membership of 106, and one at Valencia, with 35 members. The former, the Corporacion Taquigráfico, is under the presidency of Señor José Calbó y Magriñá, official stenographer in the Cortes, and issues a stenographic journal. The systems of Duployé, Stolze, and Gabelsberger have been translated into Spanish and have a small following.

Sweden. Though recently introduced in Sweden, shorthand has made great progress, the three German systems of Gabelsberger, Stolze, and Arends being used. The two Chambers of Parliament are stenograph. ically reported, 22 persons being employed in one and 29 in the other. The salary paid each is about $2.50 a day during the session, with a gratuity of $50, making the annual income about $300. The presidents, or, as they are called, first notarians, receive $3 a day and a similar gratuity, a fortnight's pay, after the closing of the Riksdag. The total cost of stenographic service is 60,000 crowns a year. Only seventeen persons employed in the bureau are shorthand writers, the others being clerks and copyists. There are three shorthand associations, one in Helsingfors, in Finland, and the others at Göteborg and Upsala. They have a total membership of 42. Three magazines devoted to the art are published, the Tidning för Spridning åf Stenografi, at Göteborg, Tidning för Stenografi, Helsingfors, and the Hermes, organ för den Arendska stenografiska förening, Upsala. The number of persons instructed in 1882 was 140, of whom 96 studied Gabelsberger, 27 Stolze, and the remainder Arends. Instruction is given in schools at the following places: Stockholm, Wasa, Sôderkôping, Ulleåborg, Åbo, Borgå, Tavastehus, Tammerfors, Wiborg, Waxholms, Oskar-Frederiksborg, Hörnösand, Örnsköldsvik, Sundsvall, Holmstad, and Landskrona.

Switzerland.-There is probably no country in the world where the use of shorthand is so general as in Switzerland. The federal government has not employed stenographers, however, owing to the expense, though such employment has been frequently urged. Three languages are officially recognized and used in the Congress: the German, French, and Italian. This would necessitate the employment of a large number of reporters and great expense. The city of Berne is the only one which employs an official stenographer. Sixty-five Stolze associations are in existence, with a membership of 1,065 persons, 891 of whom are active; the Gabelsberger associations number 7, with 127 active and 168 honorary and corresponding members, while the adherents of Arends and Adler have one association each, the former with a membership of 45, and the latter 20. Seven hundred and thirty-five persons have been instructed by the Stolze societies, and 120 by those following Gabels