619.23; disbursements, $47,183.24; cash balance at the close of the year, $11,090.44. The expenses for the next fiscal year are estimated at $42,825, of which the prisoners' earnings are not expected to pay more than three fourths.

The whole number of children cared for in the Soldiers' Orphans' Home since March 31, 1866, when it was adopted by the State, has been 683, and the total cost to the State has been $342,300.

At the Northern Hospital for the Insane, 757 patients have received treatment, of whom 65 were discharged recovered and 68 improved. The daily average of patients was 553. The total expenditures were $132,452.62, of which $21,985.56 were for additions, repairs, and improvements, leaving as current expenses the sum of $110,467.06, or at the rate of $200 for each patient. The current expenses for the next hospital year are estimated at $122,991.96. The Wisconsin State Hospital for the Insane has given treatment to 607 patients during the year, and reports 37 discharged cured and 35 discharged improved. The average number under treatment was 425, and the total expenditures were $135,555.82, of which $30,951.83 were for additions, repairs, and improvements, by which the capacity of the hospital has been increased to accommodate 180 additional patients. The current expenses were $104,603.99, an average of $246.12 for each patient. The current expenses for the next hospital year are estimated at $121,550.

At the Institution for the Education of the Blind, 90 pupils were in attendance, the average expense per scholar being $207.26.

At the Institution for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb, 187 names were upon the register at the close of the fiscal year. The total disbursements were $30,318. The articulate system of teaching was introduced with very satisfactory results. The main building of the institution was totally consumed by fire on September 16th.

There were completed 89.90 miles of new railroad in Wisconsin during the year, making the aggregate number of miles in operation 2,923, inclusive of 107 miles of narrow-gauge track. The total number of miles of road operated by the companies reporting to the Commissioner is 4,765. The cost of these roads and their equipments, as represented by capital stock and outstanding bonds, is $205,185,806.88, and the net earnings are reported at $12,691,006.90, being an average of 6.2 per cent. on the assumed cost. The total number of passengers carried on all the lines was 5,336,688, and the freight carried amounted to 7,997,399 tons. The number of personal casualties in Wisconsin was 133, as against 196 the previous year. On the entire lines of these roads, in all the States, there were 284 casualties. Two passengers were killed, neither of them in this State, and eight injured.

The condition of the trust funds and of the public lands, as revealed in a review of all the

books by the Commissioners of Public Lands, is as follows: The number of acres of land held by the State September 30, 1878, was reported at 1,538,825.07. The increase by forfeiture during the year was 24,051.88; the increase by error in former reports, 27,550-50; the increase from school-land indemnity, 37,089-09; making the total number of acres 1,627,516 54. The decrease by sales during the year was 52,827-21; leaving 1,574,689-33 acres held by the State, September 30, 1879. The productive trust fund was $4,166,866, an increase over the amount in 1878 of $67,204. The income of the trust funds was $353,241, which is $26,561 more than that of the preceding year.

The National party held their Convention at Watertown on July 15th. Reuben May of Vernon County was made temporary and permanent President. The following candidates for State officers were nominated: For Governor, Reuben May; for Lieutenant-Governor, W. L. Utley; for Secretary of State, George W. Lee; for Treasurer, Peter A. Griffiths; for Attorney-General, George B. Goodwin; for Superintendent of Public Instruction, W. H. Searles. The following resolutions were adopted:

controls the law-making power of our country, dieWhereas, A money despotism has grown up which tates judicial decisions, wields an undue influence over the Executive of the nation, in consideration of laws passed for the benefit of the people, thus enabling the money power to carry on its schemes of public plungathered in the hands of the ambitious and unscruder, under and from which colossal fortunes have been pulous men whose interests are at war with the interests of the people, hostile to popular government, and deaf to the demands of honest toil; therefore, we, the of Wisconsin, adopt the following as our platform of representatives of the Union Greenback-Labor party principles:

Resolved, That we demand the immediate calling in and payment of all United States bonds in full legalcoin now in the Treasury for redemption purposes, tender money of the United States, gold and silver and beyond such metal money in greenback full legaltender money, to be created, issued, and protected as full legal-tender money of the United States; and that the United States Government never issue another bond of any kind or class.

Resolved, That we demand the abolition of the national banking system, and the prohibition of all banks of issue, either State or national.

Resolved, That the issue of greenback money be limited in value to the sum required to meet the just obligations of the Government, less the sum of coin money in the Treasury for resumption purposes.

Resolved, That we demand unlimited coinage of gold and silver as legal-tender money of the United

States.

Resolved, That the rate of interest on money should not exceed the rate of profit derived from the produc tive industries of the country, and should be fixed by national law.

Resolved, That we denounce and condemn the efforts

of both the old parties to create a solid North or a solid

South, thereby sectionalizing the country, arraying one section against the other; that we know no North, no South, no East, no West; that we demand the gov ernment of our country be so administered as to secure equal rights to all our people, be they high or low, rich or poor, black or white.

Resolved, That convict-labor in our penal institu tions be so arranged by law as not to interfere with free

labor, and that prison-labor be utilized by the State, with no intermeddling of contractors.

Resolved, That we inflexibly oppose all fusion or coalition with either of the old parties, and invite honest men of all parties to unite with us in the interests of the wealth-producing, tax-paying classes of the United States.

There were thirty counties represented in the Convention by 130 members.

The Republican State Convention assembled at Madison on July 23d. J. B. Cassidy of Rock County was chosen permanent President. The following State officers were nominated: For Governor, William E. Smith; for LieutenantGovernor, James M. Bingham; for Secretary of State, Hans B. Warner; for Treasurer, Richard Guenther; for Attorney-General, Alexander Wilson; for Superintendent of Public Instruction, William O. Whitford. The following platform was adopted:

The Republicans of Wisconsin, by their representatives assembled in State Convention, declare their adhesion to the following propositions:

1. The Republic of the United States is a nation, not a confederacy of sovereign States, and its Government is clothed with permanent authority for the regulation of all subjects of national concern.

2. The elections of members of Congress are national elections, and as such the whole country is interested in having them fairly and peacefully conducted, so that every voter may be afforded an opportunity to exercise his right of suffrage freely and without fear of personal violence, to vote once, and only once, at a given election, and to have his vote honestly counted and returned. It is the duty of the national Government to enforce this right. The Republican party is opposed to any military interference with the elections, except when it is necessary to maintain the public peace and protect the constitutional rights of citizens. In no instance under a Republican administration have the United States troops interfered with the exercise of free suffrage on the part of the people. The Democratic party, by the votes of its Representatives in Congress against the proposition to prohibit the presence in the vicinity of the polls, not only of United States troops, but of all men armed with deadly weapons, have clearly shown the bad faith and hypocrisy of its affected horror of bayonets at the polls. It would permit an armed mob of its own partisans to surround the ballot-box, but would prohibit the employment of United States soldiers to protect peaceful citizens from intimidation and violence at the hands of the mob.

3. The refusal of a mere majority in Congress to make appropriations of money already collected by the tax from the people for the ordinary and legitímate expenses of the Government, for the purpose of compelling the President by such refusal to approve a measure which he regards as unwise and wrong, was revolutionary in principle, subversive of the Constitution, and deserving the condemnation of all good citizens.

4. The practice of attaching what are popularly termed political riders to appropriation bills is wicked legislation, and should be prohibited.

5. The thanks and grateful recognition of the people are due to President Hayes, and to the Republican members of Congress, for their firm and successful resistance to the attempts made by the Democratic party to disarm the national Government on election days, and to repeal all the laws for protecting the security of the ballot-box, and providing for the detection and punishment of fraudulent voting.

6. The successful resumption of specie payments has vindicated the wisdom of the Republican policy on that subject, and afforded a signal illustration of the lack of honesty of the statesmanship which led

the Democratic party to oppose resumption, and to declare that it was impossible. It has already borne precious fruits in enabling the Government to fund its debt at four per cent. interest, or an economy of many millions per annum, and in promoting a feeling of confidence and security that is already giving a powerful impetus to business and industry and enterprise. The interests of all classes of people are best promoted by a currency possessing or representing intrinsic value, such as we have at present, and bearing a fixed relation to the world's money and that of All attempts to modify existing laws in a way to introduce a depreciation or fluctuation in the value of the money of the country should meet with a firm and determined resistance.

commerce.

7. That it is the duty of Congress to enact laws to carry out the provisions of the Constitution with its amendments, and to secure to the people of the States the rights guaranteed by it; and that laws, when enacted, are supreme and must be obeyed and enforced, and the recent attempts of the Democratic Congress to repeal and strike from the statute-books such laws, some of which were placed there by our fathers and have been enforced nearly a century, has no parallel in the history of the country.

8. That our Governor and State officers are entitled to the thanks and approval of the people for their wise and faithful administration of the public trusts committed to them.

The Democratic State Convention met at Madison on September 9th. James R. Doolittle of Racine was chosen President. Alexander Mitchell was nominated for Governor, with ination the nominee for Lieutenant-Governor, the understanding that if he declined the nom. William J. Vilas, should be substituted in his stead. The latter declined the nomination, and was replaced upon the ticket by George H. King. The remainder of the ticket was made up as follows: For Secretary of State, Samuel Regan; for Treasurer, Andrew Hahen; for Attorney-General, J. Montgomery Smith; for Superintendent of Public Instruction, Edward Searing. The platform adopted, besides other resolutions denouncing the rule of the Republicans in the South, condemning the inauguration of President Hayes, and deprecating the dangers of centralization, contained the following:

That the Democratic party adheres to the financial doctrine which it established when in power, that the constitutional currency of the country, and the basis of all other, should be gold and silver coin; and so we maintain that all national Treasury notes and authorized currency should be convertible into the same on demand.

That the Democracy does not forget that to the promptness, valor, endurance, and noble devotion of the patriotic volunteers of the army and navy in the late war this country is indebted, under Providence, for the salvation of its form of government and the constitutional liberty and prosperity now enjoyed by all its citizens, and again thankfully acknowledges the debt of national and individual gratitude which is due to the living and dead heroes of the nation, an obligation which increases with years, and which entitles the survivors to receive all the marks of appreciation and honor which a grateful people can properly bestow.

That the administration of State affairs ought to be conducted with greater economy, and greater efforts be made to diminish the burden of taxes; that all official salaries and fees and all expenditures for State charitable, educational, and penal institutions, raised to meet the necessities of high-priced times, must now be correspondingly reduced, and all useless boards

and commissions abolished, and that the candidates of this Convention pledge their best endeavors to pursue a course of retrenchment in public expenditures. We should protect our naturalized citizens as we do our native-born in every part of the civilized world, and we should resist all improper claims upon them by governments to which they no longer owe allegiance.

That as the Democratic party, being founded on those principles which best support the liberty and welfare of the citizen, has hitherto survived all former adversaries, so, by faithful adherence to its time-honored doctrines and the selection of honest and competent men for public offices, it looks forward with abiding confidence to its final and complete triumph over all who now oppose these principles.

The result of the November election was the continuance in office of the Governor, William E. Smith, and the Lieutenant-Governor, James M. Bingham, and the reelection of the other State officers: Hans B. Warner, Secretary of State; Richard Guenther, Treasurer; Alexan

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ZOOLOOS, a branch of the Caffres, residing in southeastern Africa. According to A. H. Keane, in his treatise appended to Keith Johnston's "Africa," the Caffres form a branch of the great "Bantu " family. To this family also belong the Matabele and other Betchuana populations of the interior, near the Zambesi, and in the regions visited by Dr. Livingstone in his earlier travels, and even the Suaheli and Wanyamwesi of the coast opposite Zanzibar and the Tanganyika region, and the nations inhabiting the shores of the Mozambique Channel. They are not negroes in the proper sense of the word, but East Africans. Their color is not black, but a dark brown; their eyes are black and brilliant; the hair is not so woolly as that of the negroes, and their features are of an Eastern type. The Caffres in southeastern Africa are divided into three distinct groups: the Amaxoso, located in British Caffraria or the Trans-Kei Territory, and including the Galekas and Gaikas, the Tembus, and the Pondos of St. John's River; the Basutos, who inhabit the country beyond the Drakenberg range; and the Zooloos, who are almost equal in number to all others put together. The Zooloos, numbering about 600,000, are almost equally divided between those living under British rule in the province of Natal and those forming the independent native kingdom to the north of Natal known as Zoolooland, of which Cetywayo or Ketchwayo was the ruler. Zoolooland is bounded on the north by the country of the Amatongas, on the east by the Indian Ocean, on the southwest by Natal, and on the west by the Transvaal. Its area is about 15,000 square miles, and its population 300,000. The seacoast is low and flat, differing in this respect essentially from the shores of British Caffraria about the St. John's River, which abound with beautiful wooded hills and grassy

der Wilson, Attorney-General; W. C. Whitford, Superintendent of Public Instruction; J. Turner, Railroad Commissioner; P. L. Spooner, Jr., Insurance Commissioner. Owing to the fact that the ex-officio State canvassers, the Secretary of State, Treasurer, and Attorney-General, were candidates for office, the Chief Justice, E. G. Ryan, appointed in their stead Judges David W. Small, Alva Stewart, and H. S. Conger. The votes cast for the different gubernatorial candidates were as follows: Smith, Republican, 100,535; Jenkins, Democrat, 75,080; May, Greenback, 12,996; Bloomfield, Temperance, 387; electing Governor Smith by a plurality of 25,505 votes. The composition of the Legislature of 1879 was as follows: Senate-Republicans 25, Democrats 8; Assembly -Republicans 70, Democrats 27, Greenbackers 2, Independent 1. The next election takes place November 2, 1880.

downs. The coast-line is indented by a series of lagoons and marshes, which tend to make the neighborhood decidedly unhealthy. About fifteen miles from the sea the land begins to rise in terraces, which are covered with rich grass, and are followed by two or three mountain-ranges successively, one above another. The principal river of Zoolooland is the Umvolosi, which empties into the Indian Ocean at St. Lucia Bay. It is formed by the confluence of two mountain-streams, the Black and White Umvolosi, near the center of Zoolooland. The border with Natal is formed by the Tugela River, and farther up by the Buffalo River, while in the north the most important is the Pongolo River. Between the Umvolosi and the Tugela are a number of smaller streams. The banks of the rivers are for the most part thickly wooded, or at least covered with thick bush, while the lower plains, where they are not swampy, are covered with scrub. The country is not subject to drought in any season. The rivers, which in summer are greatly swollen by the heavy rains in the highlands, dwindle away in the winter, from March to September, becoming insignificant streams, with here and there a deeper pool. There is no malaria in the hilly districts on the side toward Natal; but the lower parts are dangerous alike to man and beast, and the jungle is then infested by the tzetze fly, whose bite is fatal to horses and oxen.

The word Zooloo in the native language means heaven. The history of the Zooloo kingdom begins with Chaka, who was born in 1787. As his mother had fled with him from his father's kraal to the Umtetwas, a neighboring coast tribe, he was educated by the chieftain's orders, and here he learned all the Caffre accomplishments as a prince and a warrior. It was here that he met some English

sailors who had been cast ashore in St. Lucia Bay, who told him of the deeds of Napoleon, then at the height of his power in Europe. Young Chaka listened attentively, and resolved to become the African Napoleon. Upon the death of his father he became ruling chief after turning out one of his half-brothers. A large portion of the Umtetwas, desiring a more warlike policy than that of their own ruler, joined the Zooloos. Chaka now entered upon an unchecked career of conquest. The whole male population of the Zooloo nation was subject to compulsory military service. He created an imperial guard of twelve or fifteen thousand prime warriors, who were kept ready at an hour's notice to march fifty miles in any direction without a halt, and to destroy a town, a chief, or a tribe in two or three days. He built numerous fortified kraals to be occupied as permanent camps by as many regiments of his army. The troops were drilled in a system of manœuvres not before practiced by African soldiers. By these means he succeeded in establishing the most formidable military power that has been wielded in modern times by any native African monarch. With this power he conquered all the surrounding countries, extending his sway from the Limpopo in the north to the St. John's River in the south. There were few or no Europeans in those parts. As for the natives, they were either entirely destroyed-the work of extermination being carried on so successfully that when the Dutch Boers came to Natal, in 1837, they found that country quite empty or he obliged the conquered nations to take the name Zooloo, and to form part of the new compact and rigidly governed nation over which he ruled. The people of various tribes were divided up, and distributed here and there, in order to efface their original connections. Fifty or sixty tribes were thus dealt with in the course of Chaka's reign, and of these about forty have been resuscitated to a certain degree by collecting their survivors under British protection in Natal. His reign, as may be readily conceived, was marked by the most unheardof cruelties, whole regiments with their wives and children being massacred in punishment for having suffered defeat. It was one of these outbursts of cruelty that cost Chaka his life. A regiment which he had sent out against one

of his neighbors having been unsuccessful, he determined to punish them by murdering some two thousand wives they had left at home. Among these were the wives of two of his brothers, Dingaan and Umhlangane, and they in revenge hired one of his attendants to murder Chaka. This deed was performed on September 23, 1828, and Dingaan, having murdered his other brother a few days after, ascended the throne. His reign from 1828 to 1840 was different from that of Chaka, inasmuch as he did not pretend to be a great warrior. But his government at home was cruelly tyrannical, and large numbers of his miserable subjects fled the kingdom to escape its merciless law, thousands going to Natal, where the British coast settlement at Durban had been founded in 1835. In 1838 the Boers came to the country, and a terrible massacre of them took place. For a time Dingaan was even successful against the Dutch and British in Natal and on the Orange and Vaal Rivers; but in February, 1840, he was disastrously defeated and killed. This defeat was mostly due to the defection of his brother Panda, who now ascended the throne and ruled until 1872. The rule of Panda was, according to Sir Theophilus Shepstone, "incomparably milder and more merciful" than that of Dingaan, which was principally due to the influence of the Dutch Boers. During his entire reign he regarded them with "feelings of grateful attachment and loyalty." His kingdom was tolerably quiet, as the systematic despotism established by his predecessors had effectually suppressed all internal disaffection, while the new European colonists on his borders were contented to let him alone. The history of Panda's relations with his neighbors is the same as that of the Boers and of the different British provinces of South Africa. Upon his death in 1872 he was succeeded by his son Cety wayo, who was installed by Sir Theophilus Shepstone, the Secretary for Native Affairs of Natal. King Cety wayo, upon whose accession great hopes had been built, early showed that he was animated by the same sanguinary and despotic spirit as his predecessors Chaka and Dingaan, and he soon came into conflict with his neighbors, which eventually resulted in war. (For an account of these difficulties and the war, see CAPE COLONY.)