years. The Ministers will open a book, in which they will register these obligations and their number. The Ministry of Finance will decree monthly the quantity to be emitted, up to the sum of six million dollars. ABT. II. The Treasury bills mentioned will serve as legal tender for the payment of all kinds of obligations, whatever be the date thereof and the terms in which they are drawn, in conformity with Art. I. of the law of the 10th of April last. ART. III. The chief accountant will sign these obligations, and will keep a register of the number corresponding to each. ART. IV. The Mint will keep an account of the Treasury bills issued under this decree, up to the sum of six million dollars, and the superintendent will sign and seal them with the seal of the Mint. in the value of the exports for 1877, as compared with those of the year immediately preceding. In this falling off the agricultural products figured to the extent of 8.61 per cent.; minerals, 23.61 per cent.; and manufactures, 15.55 per cent. Comparing the value of the exports with the population of the republic, the following relations are observable: Agricultural products, $3.94 per capita; mining products, $7.23; manufactures, $0.12; miscellaneous, $0.02. of the republic were as follows in 1877 : The shipping movements at the various ports ART. V. In each successive year, in forming the estimates of the national expenditures, a sum will be set apart for the quantity to be withdrawn from circulation. The Government will propose to Congress in due time that the product of a new tax, or a part of those already existing, shall be devoted to the redemp- Sailing vessels.. tion of said bills. ART. VI. The Mint will incinerate annually bills to the amount referred to in the preceding article, and will credit the account ordered to be opened by Art. IV. with the sums set down in the estimates for this purpose. The Ministers of the Treasury are ordered to present to the Mint the bills that are to be destroyed. The operation will be witnessed by the chief accountant, the Superintendent of the Mint, and the Ministers of the General Treasury; and a record of the destruction will be drawn up in triplicate, as a voucher for the acquittances to be made by the three offices respectively that intervene in the emission of the bills. Steamers..... Total. FOREIGN TRADE. VESSELS. ENTERED. Failing vessels.... Steamers... Total Steamers... Total. ART. VII. Until these operations are effected, the Sailing vessels. Ministers of the General Treasury and the chief accountant will sign provisional bills for 100, 50, 20, and 10,000 dollars each, which will possess provisionally the character assigned to the obligations created under Art. V. of this decree. These provisional bills shall be withdrawn when the General Treasury shall have come into possession of the definitive bills. PINTO, AUGUSTO MATTE. The foregoing measure was received with uniform good will. "The bonds," writes an English journalist from Valparaiso, under date of May 24th," which the Government has begun to float in the market, and which will reach the amount of $6,000,000, are well received by the public, who are ready to make any sacrifice for the safety of the nation. Chili's fiscal resources are amply sufficient to meet the expenses of the war. The most convincing proof of this lies in the fact that, notwithstanding the large expenses incurred by the army, the Government has limited itself merely to the suspension of the sinking fund of the foreign debt, upon due arrangement made with the bondholders, and has continued to pay the interest on her bonds with the usual punctuality. This will strengthen the credit of the republic, and allow her to recover herself rapidly after peace is restored to the Pacific. The capitalists of Santiago and Valparaiso have petitioned Congress to authorize an income-tax to meet the expenses of the war; this idea has been well received, and in a few days longer will become a reality." The extensive failure of the crops and reduced price of copper, already referred to, prodaced a decrease of little less than $15,000,000 Sailing vessels.. Steamers... Total CLEARED. VESSELS. There are at the present time in Chili 1,015 miles of railway completed and in operation. Of these, 594 miles are the property of the state. The total cost of construction and rolling stock for these lines was $49,857,037, of which $38,329,635 stands for the Government lines. Chief among the latter are those from Santiago to San Felipe, from Santiago to Curicó and Palmilla, from Curicó to Chillan, from Chillan to Concepcion and Talcahuano, and from Los Angeles to Angol on the Araucanian frontier. The principal lines belonging to private companies are those from Caldera to Copiapó and Chañarcillo, from Copiapó to the mines of Púquios, from Coquimbo to La Serena, and from Coquimbo to Ovalle; besides which there is a number of others chiefly engaged in the service of the silver and copper mines. The more densely populated portion of the republic is intersected by a network of telegraphs wires, of an aggregate length of 3,659 miles, with 68 officers, many of which are in charge of female operators. The Transandine telegraph, from Santiago to Buenos Ayres, was constructed by a Chilian company, whose principal office is at the first-named city. The postal service is conducted through 347 post-offices. The number of letters transmitted in 1878 was 14,921,168, and that of money orders, 40,000, for an aggregate amount of $1,014,607. The Article 153 of the present Constitution, promulgated in 1833, contains the following provision: "Public education is one of the chief concerns of the Government." The instruction given in all the public schools, from the escuelas de párvulos or infant schools up to the highest university courses, is absolutely free. amount of national funds expended on this branch in 1878 was little short of a million dollars; in 1876 it reached $1,125,579. Higher instruction is given in the Santiago University and in the professional courses at the lyceums of Copiapó, La Serena, Valparaiso, and Concepcion, comprising the faculties of belles-lettres, jurisprudence, medicine, and mathematics. The number of alumni of the university in 1878 was 1,017. For secondary instruction (enseñanza secundaria) there are 16 lyceums distributed through the different provinces, and the National Institute in Santiago, in which last 5,596 received instruction. Primary instruction is given in 1,585 schools, 987 of which are supported by the state; the remaining 598 are private. Of the first mentioned, 23 are designated as escuelas superiores. The attendance in 1878 was 122,000. In the same year there were 47 night schools supported by the Government and by private associations, with an aggregate attendance of 3,956 adults of both sexes. There are, besides, the following special educational establishments, all supported by the Government: The Section of Belles-Lettres in the National Institute, comprising schools of design, of painting, of sculpture, and of architecture, with 113 pupils; the Conservatory of Music, with 349 pupils, of whom 249 were females; the National School of Arts and Trades, with 83 pupils; the Agricultural Institute, 43 pupils; the Military Academy, 80; the Naval School, 50; the Nautical School, 120; and the school for deaf-mutes, with an average of 50 pupils. Lastly, there are seminaries supported by the bishoprics in the cities of Santiago, Valparaiso, La Serena, Talca, Concepcion, and Ancud, for the education and preparation of youths intended for the Church, the number of whom in 1878 was 958. Details relating to the origin and declaration of the war between Chili and Bolivia and Peru are given in the article BOLIVIA, in the present volume; and the military and naval operations of the campaign, etc., will be narrated in the article PERU. CHINA, an empire in Asia. Emperor, Kwang-Su, formerly called Tsaeteen, born in 1872, a son of Prince Ch'un, and grandson to the Emperor Tau-Kwang, who died in 1850; he succeeded to the throne in 1875. The area of China proper is 1,554,000 square miles; the population is about 405,000,000. The area of the dependencies is estimated at 3,062,000 square miles, with a population of about 29,580,000; making in all 4,616,000 square miles, with a population of 435,000,000. This total is less than in 1877 by 2,702,712 taels. The decrease in 1878 was mainly in the imports. The import of cotton goods declined from 18,800,232 taels in 1877 to 16,029,231 taels in 1878. The customs revenue in 1878 gave a very favorable result, being 12,483,988 taels. Of the new ports, Wu-hu and I-chang show a considerable rise, the trade at the former advancing in 1878 to 3,219,476 taels, or more than double the amount in the preceding year, and I-chang showing a rise from a very small sum to 71,014 taels. The trade at Kiungchow has also increased, though to a small extent; but at Wenchow it has slightly declined, and at Pakhoi no trade at all appears to have been carried in foreign vessels in the year 1878. The importation of opium into China is gradually increasing, as well as the cultivation of opium in the country itself. The imports from 1871 to 1878 were as follows (1 picul 133 lbs.): = Most of the opium finds its way into China by Hong-Kong, and the greater portion of it is of the Malwa kind, the remainder being from Patna, Benares, and other parts of India. The trade in opium is gradually passing out of the hands of foreigners into those of natives. The agencies of the large opium-houses in Shanghai, which existed until quite recently, were withdrawn one after the other, and were replaced by guilds of Chinamen, who, instead of entering into a ruinous competition with the large foreign houses, have in several cases paid them a good sum to close their agencies. The influence of the Chinese Government resources of the country would be stopped. extends far beyond its own dependencies over Accordingly, it is proposed to establish a cottonother native states of Asia. An embassy from weaving company in Shanghai to work the the King of Nepaul to Peking last year called native raw cotton, which the promoters assert attention to the tributary relation in which to be equal or superior to Indian cotton, into the King of Nepaul (or, as the Chinese call yarn, and to weave it into cotton cloths. For him, the King of the Ghoorkas) places himself the first three years English workmen will be with regard to the Chinese Emperor. Nepaul engaged to teach the Chinese factory-hands, is the largest of the so-called Himalaya states and at the end of that time, if the native workwhich line the northern frontier of British people are thoroughly expert, the English teachIndia, and, though entirely independent, are ers will be dismissed. If, however, the Chinese sometimes classed among the tributary states. workmen have not learned the art of weaving Its area is about 56,700 square miles, and its in that time, the Englishmen are to be fined. population is estimated at 3,300,000. The ex- On all piece-goods woven by foreign processes act relations between Nepaul and China have in China shall be levied a tax equal in amount hitherto been but imperfectly known. An to the import tariff on the same class of goods embassy, it was said, was sent every five years, of foreign make. The factory is to have 800 but no trustworthy accounts of them were looms, capable of producing from raw cotton published. Early in 1879 the new embassy 260,000 to 450,000 pieces of finished cloth. arrived in the frontier province of Sechuen. There is to be no work done on Sundays. It is They bore a letter from the King of Nepaul estimated that 13,000 piculs (of 133 lbs. each) dated in July, 1878, and worded as follows: "A of raw cotton and 2,000 piculs of starch and dweller in a remote corner of the earth, in a clay will be worked yearly. On the lowest distant and barren land, the King turns with scale of production, it is calculated that a proflonging toward the civilization of the Middle it of 30 per cent. will be made. The capital Kingdom. It has been his practice to gain of the company is £125,000, and the annual glory to himself by the dispatch of an envoy, charge for the wages of the hands is set down who was admitted to the presence, and he has as £2,000. been entirely dependent upon the rays of his august Majesty's awe-inspiring influence and prosperity for securing peace and tranquillity in his borders." By order of the Chinese Government, the tribute and letter of the ambassador were, on his arrival at Chingtu, the capital of the province, taken charge of by an officer specially appointed for the purpose, and forwarded to Peking. In Burmah, also, the Chinese influence is a far stronger and more active political power than the British. The King is a submissive vassal to his feudal lord in Peking, and he courts the good will of the Chinese frontier generals and governors with as much assiduity as if he were dependent on it for his exist ence. The establishment of the first steam cottonmill in China is regarded as another stage in the commercial development of the empire. Being one of the projects of the young China party of progress, the first mill is, however, to be a semi-governmental institution, with an imperial edict for a charter and mandarins for foremen. The prospectus of the company is a lengthy document consisting of copies of official correspondence between the promoters and the Governor-General, Li-Hung-Chang. The prospectus begins by reciting that for China to be powerful and wealthy there are two great requisites: Chinamen should export articles which foreign countries require of China, and they should manufacture themselves those articles which China requires of foreign countries. Scores of millions of taels are sent out of the country to pay for imported cotton piece-goods, and if Chinamen wove these in their own mills this terrible leakage in the The mineral wealth of China includes diamonds in the district of Shantung, on which interesting information was published last year by M. Fauvel. The stones are mostly very minute, varying in size from a millet-seed to a pin's head, though occasionally larger ones are found. One as large as a pea was brought to Chefoo and sold to a mandarin there. A peculiar mode has been adopted for collecting the diamonds. Men wearing thick straw shoes walk about in the sands of the valleys and streams of the diamond mountains of Chingkangling, about fifteen miles southeast of Yichow-foo. The diamonds, which are ragged and pointed, penetrate the straw and remain there. The shoes are then collected in great numbers and burned, the diamonds being searched for in the ashes. As is the case with amethysts and rock-crystal in the Lao-Chan, the priests in the temples of Chingkangling are the principal dealers in these small diamonds. From them they are bought by glaziers at the large fairs held every year at Chuchow, Laichow-foo, and Hwang-hsien. They are not to be found in shops, and are packed in quills. The insurrection which toward the close of 1878 broke out in the southern province of Kwang-si, under the leadership of Li-Yung-tsai* (see "Annual Cyclopædia" for 1878, p. 101), assumed larger dimensions at the beginning of the new year. Before Li took up arms against the Government, he addressed a letter to the Tartar General of Canton, explaining the nature and reason for the steps he was about to take. He states therein that he was on bad terms with the Governor of Kwang-si, who * In some reports the name is given as Li-Yung-Choi. treated him like a common fellow and sent him to Canton to be rid of him. He had no money to pay his traveling expenses, could not go to Canton, and, as he had been generally badly used by his official superiors, he intimated his intention of seeking the throne of the kingdom of Anam, to which he claimed to have an hereditary right. He asserted that Anam, under its present government, was a constant menace and danger to China, and this state of things he proposes to put an end to by making himself king. When Anam comes into his hands, he will without the least hesitation pay the tribute which it has been customary for Anam to pay, and freely acknowledge the supremacy of the Ta-Tsing Empire. In October, 1878, Li, along with a famous Anamese rebel, gathered together a number of disaffected and unpaid soldiers, set out to recover the throne of his fathers, and notified the Viceroy of Canton, Liu-Kunyi, that his designs were not treasonable to China. He thereupon proceeded to capture the Chinese city of Tai-Ping-foo, forty miles from the frontier of the Anamese province of Tonquin, and to endear himself to the population by freeing them from all obligation to pay taxes-acts somewhat inconsistent with his manifesto to the Tartar General. The Viceroy at once denounced him as a dangerous character, and, thinking his real aim was to make a descent on the turbulent but impoverished provinces of Kweichow and Yunnan, sent three thousand men under four mandarins after him. Seventy-five per cent. of the expedition and three of the commanding officers at once went over to the rebels; and Li's force, thus augmented, proceeded to capture more Chinese towns. Eventually he moved toward the Tonquin frontier. The Viceroy of Tonquin sent an urgent appeal to the Viceroy of Canton to save him from the rebel, but the Chinese replied that they could do nothing without the imperial sanction. The Imperial Government of Peking merely sent a command that the insurrection be put down at once, and declared that the Viceroy of Canton and the Governor of Kwang-si would be held responsible for letting a turbulent rebel like Li escape. So an expedition by sea, by way of the fort of Haiphong, was determined on, and in the beginning of December, 1878, a fleet of junks, crowded with soldiery and escorted by three gunboats of foreign type, sailed from Canton. As soon as intelligence of this expedition reached Li, who in the mean while had occupied the southwest districts of Kwang-si and the two frontier divisions of Tonquin, he marched toward the province of Yunnan, no opposition being offered to him anywhere. As soon as the government of HongKong was apprised of the outbreak of the insurrection, the Governor, Mr. Pope Hennessy, forbade the export of arms and munitions of war from Hong-Kong to the mainland. The insurrection was reported at an end in September, although Li still remained at large. His lieutenant, his family, and his entire stores had fallen into the hands of the Government troops. Simultaneously with the insurrection of Li, another rebellion began toward the close of 1878 in the island of Hainan, which belongs to the province of Canton, has an area of 20,000 square miles, and a population of about 2,000,000. The rebellion seems to be a rising of the Hakkas. They are Chinese settlers in the south of China, whose ancestors emigrated many centuries ago from the populous provinces of Central and Northern China, and have never been absorbed by the local populations among whom they took up their abode. They do not speak the Cantonese dialect of Chinese, but a patois of mongrel origin; nor do they, except in rare instances, intermarry with the Chinese of the soil. Some dozen years ago a large number of them, wearied of constant bickerings with their irreconcilable countrymen of the south, migrated to Hainan and settled on government land there. They increased so rapidly that the lands assigned to them are now insufficient for their wants, and this insufficiency of territory and the hostility of the Chinese are said to be the chief causes of their rising. In October, 1878, they took up arms to the number of several thousand, and threatened the capital, Kiungchow, which is one of the treaty ports, and has a population of about 200,000. Hainan is a rich, and on the seaboard districts a fairly prosperous island, which since its opening to foreign trade has developed a most promising trade with Hong-Kong and other ports. They committed horrible atrocities along their line of march, and in January, 1879, defeated the imperial troops within forty miles of Hoibow, the port of Kiungehow. The Taotai himself, four officers, and five hundred soldiers were among the lost. The rebels, however, were repeatedly defeated afterward, and in August finally laid down their arms outside the city of Kiungchow, after mercy had been promised to them. Numbers were deported to Wychow, Hoi-On, and other places, in order to scatter them and prevent their future concentration in force; but none, it is said, were executed. The total number of imperial troops dispatched to Hainan to quell the outbreak was twelve hundred, and of these about one hundred had fallen in different engagements with the insurgents. The latter are said to have lost upward of a thousand men. The province of Kulja, which for a number of years had been administered by Russia, was restored to China in the latter part of the year. In 1871 the Russian Minister at Peking was instructed by his Government to inform the Chinese authorities that the Russians had been compelled to occupy the province of Kulja by the disorders prevailing among the Mohammedans there, and also by the growing strength of the Atalik Ghazi south of the Thian-Shan, both enemies of the Chinese; but his Government, he said, had no intention of contesting their rights, and whenever a Chinese army should be sent of sufficient strength to maintain order in the province, the Czar would order its restoration to China. During the time that has since passed the province recovered somewhat under Russian rule from the depression into which it had sunk during the Mohammedan rebellion. Very little was heard of the Chinese in this region until the close of 1876. With the campaigns against the Tungani and against Yakoob Beg, they began to reassert their claims to their territory in Central Asia; and after the overthrow of Yakoob Beg's power they claimed the fulfillment of the Czar's promise. But, in spite of the diplomatic representations at St. Petersburg, and the menacing attitude of Tso-Tsung-Tang and his army at Manas and Aksu, the Russian authorities, both at home and in Asia, for eighteen months refused to give the Chinese any satisfaction. A Russian commission was finally appointed to draw up a treaty, and in September it presented its report, containing the draft of a treaty, of which the following are the most important points: First, Russian merchants will be admitted to all the interior markets of China. Secondly, China will pay Russia 5,000,000 rubles. Thirdly, Russia is to receive part of the steppe in the upper regions of the Irtish River beyond the Zaisan Sea. The proposed frontier will begin from the fortress of Saur and be continued past the Bostal and Kanas Seas. On the other side of Kulja the frontier is drawn from a point a little more to the southeast of Kanas to the town of Usuntau, from which it runs eastward to the point where the old frontier is cut by the new one. Thus the Tekes River Valley is to remain Russian territory-that is to say, about a fifth part of Kulja. This valley was once a Chinese possession, and was surrendered by treaty to Russia twenty years ago. The possession of this strip of territory will enable Russia to exert a very material influence upon the progress of events both in Kulja and in Eastern Turkistan. She will continue to hold in her hand the means of reOccupying the province if such a course should in future become necessary. The clauses relating to commerce will undoubtedly place in her grasp much of the trade of Western China; and if the Chinese should place restrictions in the way of Russian merchants, an excuse would be available to revert to the present condition of things. In spite of these disadvantages the treaty was accepted by the Chinese. In May, Hakim Khan Tufi, the pretender to the Kashgar throne, quitted his exile on Russian territory, and, entering Kashgar with a large number of followers through the Pamir, endeavored to raise a rebellion against the ChiLese. This step was taken by Hakim Khan in order to profit by the angry excitement then reigning among the Mussulmans of Kashgar on account of the burning of the remains of Yakoob Beg, their late ruler, by order of the Chinese. In consequence of the rebellious at VOL. XIX.-10 A titude of the Mussulmans of Kashgar, and their openly expressed regrets at the loss of their beloved Yakoob Beg, the Chinese authorities ordered the bodies of Yakoob Beg and of his son, Ishana Beg, to be disinterred and publicly burned to cinders. The ashes of Yakoob were, moreover, sent to Peking. Such a proceeding only served to give new force to the existing discontent, and a conspiracy among the Mohammedans was the result. Hakim Khan endeavored to take advantage of this conspiracy, but the Chinese troops put a speedy end to the troubles. At the time that Eastern Turkistan again passed into the hands of China, there were taken prisoners four sons, two grandsons, two granddaughters, and four wives of Yakoob Beg. Some of these were executed and others died; but in 1879 there remained in prison at Lanchanfoo, the capital of Kan-suh, Maiti Kuli, aged fourteen; Yima Kuli, aged ten; K'ati Kuli, aged six, sons of Yakoob Beg; and Aisan Ahung, aged five, his grandson. These wretched little boys were treated like state criminals. They arrived in Kan-suh in February, 1879, and were sent on to the provincial capital to be tried and sentenced by the Judicial Commissioner there for the awful crime of being sons of their father. In the course of time the Commissioner made a report of the trial, which he concluded as follows: In cases of sedition, where the law condemns the malefactors to death by the slow and painful process, the children and grandchildren, if it be shown that they were not privy to the treasonable designs of their parents, shall be delivered, no matter whether they have attained full age or not, into the hands of the imperial household to be made eunuchs of, and shall be forwarded to Turkistan and given over as slaves to the soldiery. If under the age of ten, they shall be confined in prison until they shall have reached the imperial household to be dealt with according to law. age of eleven, whereupon they shall be handed to the In the present case, Yakoob Beg's sons Maiti Kuli, Yima Kuli, and K'ati Kuli, and the rebel chief Beg Kuli's son, Aisan Ahung, are all under age, and were not, it has been proved, privy to the treasonable dehanded to the imperial household to be dealt with in signs of their parents. They have, therefore, to be accordance with the law, which prescribes that, in cases of sedition, the sons and grandsons of malefactors condemned to death by the slow and painful process, if it be shown that they were not privy to the treasonable designs of their parents, shall, whether they have attained full age or not, be delivered into the hands of the imperial household to be made eunuchs of, and shall be sent to Turkistan to be given as slaves to the soldiery. But, as these are rebels from Turkistan, it is requested that they may, instead, be sent to the Amoor region, to be given as slaves to the soldiery there. As Maiti Kuli is fourteen, it is requested that he may be delivered over to the imperial household as is just ten, K'ati Kuli and Aisan Ahung are under ten; soon as the reply of the Board is received. Yima Kuli they have, therefore, to be confined in prison until they attain the age of cleven, when they will be delivered over to the imperial household to be dealt with according to law. Kuo-Tung-tao, formerly Chinese Minister in England, returned to China in April, 1879, having been recalled by his Government. He |