never commanded it. 2. The Apostles never commanded it. 3. The primitive Christians never practiced it. 4. The Church of Rome did not practice it until the thirteenth century. 5. The Apostle accused the Gentiles of changing "the glory of the incorruptible God into an image made like to corruptible man and to birds and to four-footed beasts and to creeping things." So Rome would change the corruptible bread into the incorruptible God, who is without variableness or shadow of turning. What presumption! what foolishness! what idolatry!

6.-EXTREME UNCTION.

In Deharbe's Large Catechism we are told on page 114, "Extreme unction is a sacrament in which by the anointing with holy oil and by the prayers of the priest, the sick receive the grace of God for the good of their souls, and often also their bodies." The same Catechism tells us of the effects of extreme unction: "It increases sanctifying grace; it remits venial sins, and those mortal sins which a sick person repents of; it strengthens the soul in its sufferings and temptations; it often relieves the pains of sick persons, and sometimes restores him to health." The same authority tells us, "we should receive extreme unction when we are in danger of death from sickness."

In Edgar's "Variations of Popery," page 455, there is one paragraph well calculated to upset this dogma in the eyes of any thinking man: "The history of this innovation is easily traced. Extreme unction in its present form was a child of the twelfth century. The monuments of Christian theology for eleven hundred years mention no ceremony which in its varied and unmeaning mummery corresponds with the unction of Romanism. The patrons of this superstition have rifled the annals of ecclesiastical history for eleven centuries,

and have failed in the discovery of either precept or example for a right which they affirm was practiced as a sacrament in every nation of Christendom since the era of redemption."

7.-DEVOTION OF THE SCAPULARS.

Revelation made to Pope John XXII.: And if among the religious or brethren of the Confraternity, who depart out of this life, there shall be any who for their sins have been cast into purgatory; I, their Glorious Mother, will descend on the Saturday after their death, and I will deliver those whom I find in purgatory, and take them up to the Holy Mountain of eternal life." These are the very words of the Bull of Pope John XXII.-" The Book of the Confraternity," page 97.

8.-MIRACLEs Performed BY VIRTUE of the

SCAPULAR.

"At the siege of Montpelier, in the year 1622. a soldier named M. de Beauregard was struck by a musket-ball, but did not receive the slightest wound. He staggered, but did not fall, like a man who had merely received a slight blow. He was instantly undressed, when it was perceived that the ball, after penetrating his clothes, rested on the scapular which he wore, where it stopped, thus evidently proving that to it he owed the preservation of his life. Louis XIII., King of France, who witnessed this miracle himself, immediately put on this piece of heavenly armor also. This miracle is placed beyond doubt, as it was witnessed by a numerous army." Page 119.

"In the year 1719, the hamlet of Ballou, in the Diocese of Metz, was threatened with destruction by fire, which had suddenly broken out, when the confidence of the inhabitants in the protection of Our Lady of Mount Carmel induced them to cast a

scapular into the flames; the fire instantly abated, and the scapular was found miraculously preserved on a burning rafter. The Bishop of Metz had an attestation of the above drawn up, which was signed and sealed by him."-"Golden Book of Confraternity," page 124.

9. IS ROMANISM TOLERANT?

In reply to Bishop Spaulding's article in the North American Review, in which he declares his Church to be tolerant, and patriotic orders to be intolerant, the editor of the St. Louis Observer says:

"It is not necessary to invoke the testimony of ancient history to justify the people's fear of Romanism. That history has been burnt into the memories of men in all countries where freedom

has struggled against tyranny. What is going on to-day is what concerns us now. If Rome had changed her policy, it would be easy to forgive and forget the dark past; but she is still the same intolerant, tyrannical power that she has always been. Look abroad and see what is the actual condition of things in the Roman Catholic countries.

"Take France-the most enlightened, the most progressive and the most moral of Roman Catholic countries on the earth. What is the attitude of the enlightened statesmen of France towards the Church of Rome? The watchword of French statesmen is: 'Clericalism, that is the enemy.' Since it was first spoken by Leon Gambetta, twenty years ago, it has not ceased to be the most potent expression in French politics. Even conservative Frenchmen have been driven far towards revolutionary politics because of the aggressive meddlesomeness of the priesthood. Within the last ten years, France enlightened, republican Francehas driven every priest and nun out of the public schools, charity hospitals, and the asylums of the republic. It has been found necessary to adopt

stern, repressive measures, to keep the Catholic clergy in check. They grew so bold and so defiant, that nothing short of the stern hand of the law could break their power. Enlightened Frenchmen dread nothing so much as the intrigues and plots of the priests.

“Let us turn our thoughts for a moment to Italy, the very birthplace of Romanism. What is the truth in regard to that long-suffering land? Why did the people twenty-five years ago vote a thousand to one to transfer their allegiance from the Pope to the King? Why is it that the Italian people are this day enduring well-nigh insupportable burdens to maintain a great army, but for the fear that the Pope will regain temporal power? Their most enlightened statesman, Count Crispi, does not hesitate to say that the Pope is responsible for this condition of things. Italy is free because she defies the Pope. The Italian government is in imminent peril every hour because of the secret plottings carried on against it in the very capital of the kingdom.

"Let Bishop Spaulding turn his eyes to Austria if he wants to know whether Romanism is tolerant or not. Two years ago the editor of this paper was in Vienna, the capital of Austria, just at the time when the Methodist Church was suppressed by the instigation of the Archbishop of Vienna. A Protestant cannot even hold a prayer-meeting in his own house in Austria without being arrested and imprisoned for disturbing the peace.

"There is no religious or civil freedom in any country where Rome has power. In Hungary, only a few weeks ago, the whole population_rose, almost as one man, against the tyranny of Rome. In the late political struggle the Church of Rome was on one side and the people of Hungary on the other. When Hungary buried her greatest patriot only a few months ago, the only Hungarians who

did not join in mourning the dead were the Roman Catholic priests and their political followers.

"Why are the Jesuits still banished from enlightened Germany? It is universally conceded that Germany is the most enlightened nation in Europe. Her universities are crowded with students from every nation under heaven, and the only man that is denied a place in her halls of learning is the Jesuit. Only last week the news came from Berlin that the Catholics were stirring up a revolt in Posen and other parts of Polish Germany.

"This month there was an election in Belgium, and the only exciting question was the school question. Ten years ago, the Roman Catholics abolished the free schools and set fifteen thousand Protestant school-teachers adrift. The struggle that is now on in little Belgium is between Liberalism and Clericalism. The fear of Rome has united all shades of political opinion in one party. The tariff, the labor question, the social question, all disappear before Romanism, the enemy of liberty. The excitement is at a fever heat while we pen these few words, four thousand miles from the scene of conflict.

"It is in vain that Bishop Spaulding would impute ignorance to those Americans who dread the encroachments of Rome upon our free institutions. We have not even given a tithe of the facts which cause enlightened Americans to rise up in protest against the enemies of their schools and their religious liberties."

Bishop Spaulding's article appeared in the North American Review, September, 1894.

10. ILLITERACY-ROMAN CATHOLIC AND PROTESTANT COUNTRIES CONTRASTted.

The practical effect and working result which the control or overshadowing influence of the Roman Catholic Church has upon public education, wherever such control or influence exists, are best