COGNATE CONSONANT SOUNDS. p and b--(p, aspirate, as in pipes.) Apt, hap'py. pert, pomp, prop'er. (b, vocal, as in bribe.) Babe, barb, bib, bulb, ebb, glebe, tube, cub, blab. - and V :- - (f, aspirate, as in fife.) Chafe, draught, ep'i-taph, graph'ic, half, oft'en, soft'en, sphere, trough (trõƒ), pamphlet, pheasant, lymph, nymph, hyphen. — (v, vocal, as in valve.) Brave, drive, halve, hive, of, Stephen, viv'id, void. th in thin, and th in this: (th, aspirate, as in thin.) Both, breath, e'ther, luth, mouth, oath, pan'ther, path, sixth, thank, think, trŏth, truth, thou'sandth, twelfth. — (th, vocal, as in this.) Breathe, bathe, baths, be-neath', blithe, booth, booths, ei'ther, mouth (when a verb), mouths, oaths, paths, the, thither, with, t and d: (t, aspirate, as in trite.) Debt, doubt, drought, hurt, kite, in-dict', laughed, sub'tle, test, time, vict'ual, wrecked.—(d, vocal, as in did.) Deed, charmed, could, ebbed, judged, made, would, should, k and g: (k, aspirate, as in kick.) Ache, af-fect', chord, clear, clock, conch, dis'tich, ep'och, folks, flac'cid (flak'sid), quake, quick, skep'tic.(g, vocal, as in gag.) Gib'ber, gid'dy, gig, gim'let, gimp, keg, phys-i-og'no-my, rag'ged, rogue, vague. 8 and Z- (s, aspirate, as in sister.) Dose, gas, griefs, hosts, cent, cease, prec'i-pice, false, fas'ci-nate, scene, scep'ter, science, tac'it, use (when a noun), verse, ver-bose'. — (z, vocal, as in gaze.) Doze, baths, caves, has, hous'es, is, oaths, ob-serves', re-sume', use (when a verb), ven'i-son, views, was, ways. sh and z as in az'ure:-(sh, aspirate, as in shine.) Chaise, cha-rade', chan-de-lier', chiv'al-ry, ma-chine', marsh, shall, shriek, shrill, shrink, shrub, shrine, shrimp, shroud, shrew.- (z, vocal, as in az'ure.) Glaʼzier, lei'sure, o'sier, rouge, treas'ure, vis'ion. Beach, chair, chest, check, ch and j:·(ch, aspirate, as in each.) chin, inch, march, milch, much, niche, satch'el, scorch.- (j, vocal, as in jar.) Age, huge, jump, gel'a-tin, gel'id, gem, gib'bet, gibe, giblet, gip'sy, gist, refuge, reg'is-ter, a-nal'o-gy, stage, jail, gin'ger, judge, sug-gest', gyve, je-june'. w and y, when they end a word or syllable, as in now, dow'ry, fly'ing, try, become vowels. When they begin a word or syllable, as in will, a-ward', ye, they are regarded as having the force of consonants. THE UNACCENTED VOWEL SOUNDS, &c. A feeble enunciation of the unaccent'ed syllables is a common fault; but an over precision should be avoided; practice the following: ev'er-y, de-liv ́er-er, de-liv'er-ance, mu'sic-al, med ́al, en'er-gy, rev'er-ent, civ'il, re'al. Of the perversion of the diphthongs ou and oi, by which count is converted into caount, town into taown, &c., and voice into vice, joint into jint, &c., we have already spoken. Persons habituated to this fault are generally unaware of it. Do not change the w at the end of the words saw, law, draw, &c., to r, as if they were sor, lor, dror, &c. Do not give the sound of short u to short a before nt and ss, in a final unaccented syllable, as in arʼro-gant, in'fant, tres'pass, main'te-nance, dor'mant, re-luc'tant; or the same sound of u to the final syllables en, ent, and ěnce, as in con-tent'ment, gen'lle-men, prov'i-dence, in'so-lent. In these syllables there should be a delicate sound of short a and short e, without stress. The vowel before final l, in e'vil, driv'el, grov'el, &c., is unsounded ; but in most other words it should be sounded in the unaccented syllable; as, pen'cil, an'vil, fi'nal, me'dal, nov'el, model, par'cel, chap'el, rev'el. Short i before n is subject to the same remark; as, Latin, mat'in, sat'in, cer'tain, mount'ain, cap'tain, fount'ain (pronounced cer'tin, &c.) But in cous'in, ba'sin, &c., the i is not heard Short e before n, when they make a final syllable not under accent, should be sounded, in sudden, kitch'en, slov'en, chil'dren, lin'en, chick'en, &c., and also before d in hun'dred; but in nearly all other words ending in unaccented en, the e of this syllable should be silent; as, heav'en, e-lev'en, gar'den, giv'en, e'ven, oft'en, o'pen, soft'en, &c.; and the o should be silent in dea'con, par'don, trea'son, weap'on, ba'con, bea'con. per'son, rea'son, &c. EXPLANATIONS. In the spelling and defining lessons, the following abbreviations have been used a for adjective; ad. for adverb; con. for conjunction; n. for name or noun; obs. for obsolete; pl. for plural; pp. for participle passive; ppr. for participle present; prep. for preposition; pret. for preterit tense; v. i. for verb intransitive; v. t. for verb transitive. Forms indicating the pronunciation of the whole or a part of a word are sometimes placed in parenthesis between the word and the definition. The long vowel mark, or måkron, and the short vowel mark, or breve, are occasionally placed over vowel letters, in the text. This is generally done to indicate that the sound is apt to be slighted. Thus, long o in bōth, bōne, mōst, is often robbed of its fullness; and long u in tu'tor, stū'pid, dūke, &c., is often perverted into the sound of oo in cool. The force of these marks, and also that of the ac'cent, should be well under stood by the pupil. The figures between marks of parenthesis, after the names of authors, are designed to indicate the dates of birth and death. PART II. READING, SPELLING, AND DEFINING LESSONS. I-DISTINCT PARAGRAPHS. | LAN'GUAGE, n., human speech. PRACTICE OF PRACTISE, v. t., to do or CON'FLUX, n., a union of currents. SLOTH, N., laziness; slowness. perform habitually or often. COURT'E-OUS (kurt'c-ous), a., polite. A-GREE'A-BLE, a., pleasing. A-WARE', a., apprised; knowing. MUS'CLE (mus'sl), n., a fleshy fiber. TRUNK, n., the body of an animal, Pronounce nothing, nŭth'ing; evil, e'vl. Do not say feller for fellow; futer for fu'ture; readin for read'ing; subdoos for sub-dūes'. 1. READING aloud, when rightly practiced, is good exercise for the health. It brings into active play most of the muscles of the trunk, to a degree of which few are aware till their attention is called to it. 2. The sublimity of wisdom is to do those things living which are to be desired when dying. Death has nothing terrible in it but what life has made so. 3. He is a wise man who is willing to receive instruction from all men. He is a mighty man who subdues his evil inclinations. He is a rich man who is contented with his lot. 4. Lost! Somewhere between sunrise and sunset, two golden hours, each set with sixty-diamond minutes. No reward is offered, for they are lost forever. 5. Be courteous. Remember that bad manners make bad morals. A kind no is often more agreeable than an uncourteous yes. 6. Present time is all-important. The poorest day that passes over us is the conflux of two eternities. It is made up of currents that come from the remotest past, and flow onward into the remotest future. 7. Reckoning the motion of the earth on its axis at seventeen miles a minute, it follows that, if you take off your hat in the street to bow to a friend, you go a long distance bareheaded without taking cold. 8. "I do not like to say any thing against the person in question," said a very polite man; "but I would merely remark, in the language of the poet, that to him truth is strange, stranger than fiction."" 9. A lazy fellow once complained in company that he could not find bread for his family. "Neither can I," said an honest laborer; "I have to work for all the bread I get." 10. "Did you knock my hat over my head in earnest, sir?" asked one man of another, in a crowd. - "Certainly, I did, sir."—"It is well you did, sir; for I do not put up with jokes of that kind.” 11. Let no man be too proud to work. Let no man be ashamed of a hard fist or sunburnt face. Let him be ashamed only of ignorance and sloth. Let no man be ashamed of poverty. Let him only be ashamed of dishonesty and idleness. 12. Be slow to promise, and quick to perform. Let not the tongue run before the thought. He keeps his road well who gets rid of bad company. Credit lost is like a broken looking-glass. He is an ill boy who, like a top, goes no longer than he is whipped. 13. A young naval officer, when asked what period of a certain battle was the most dreadful, replied: "The few hushed moments when they sprinkled the deck with sand to drink the human blood as yet un shed." |