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History. To have a good knowledge of general, English and Canadian History (Collier and Hodgins).

Education. To be familiar with the general principles of the science of Education. To have a thorough knowledge of the approved modes of teaching Reading, Spelling, Writing, Arithmetic, Grammar, Composition, Geography, History, and Object Lessons. To be well acquainted with the different methods of School Organization and Management including School Buildings and arrangements, classification of pupils, formation of time and limit tables, modes of discipline, &c., &c. To give evidence of practical skill in teaching.

School Law. To have a knowledge of the School Law and Official Regulations relating to Trustees and Teachers.

Music.-To know the principles of Vocal Music. ) See Regulation Drawing. To understand the principles of 2 in this secLinear Drawing. tion.

Book-Keeping. To understand Book-Keeping by single and double entry.

Arithmetic. To be thoroughly familiar with the Authorized Arithmetic in theory and practice, and to be able to work problems in the various rules. To show readiness and accuracy in working problems in Mental Arithmetic.

Mensuration. To be familiar with the principal rules for Mensuration of Surfaces.

Algebra. To be well acquainted with the subject as far as the end of section 153, page 129, of the Authorized Text Book (Sangster). Euclid.-Books I. II. with problems.

NOTE. For female teachers only the first book of Euclid is required.

Natural Philosophy.-To be acquainted with the properties of matter and with Statics, Hydrostatics and Pneumatics, as set forth in pages 1-100, Sangster's Natural Philosophy, Part I.

Chemistry. To understand the elements of Chemistry, as taught in the first part of Dr. Ryerson's First Lessons in Agriculture, pages 9-76.

Botany. To be familiar with the structure of plants, etc., and the uses of the several parts (First Lessons in Agriculture). Human Physiology.-Cutter's First Book on Anatomy, Physiology and Hygiene.*

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9. Additional for those who desire Special Certificates for Teaching Agriculture under Section twenty-seven (19) of the School Act, 37 Vic. Chap. 27.

Natural History.-General view of Animal Kingdom-Characters of principal classes, orders and genera (Gosse's Zoology for Schools,) [or Wood's Natural History].

Botany. Vegetable Physiology and Anatomy Systematic Botany-Flowering Plants of Canada (Gray's How Plants Grow). Agricultural Chemistry.-Proximate and ultimate constituents of plants and soils-Mechanical and Chemical modes of improving soils-Rotation of Crops-Agricultural and Domestic Economy, &c. (Dr. Ryerson's First Lessons in Agriculture.)

10. Minimum Qualifications for First Class Provincial Certificates. Reading. To be able to read intelligently and expressively a passage selected from any English author.

Spelling. To be able to write correctly a passage dictated from any English author.

Etymology.-As for Second Class Teachers.

Grammar. To be thoroughly acquainted with the subject, as contained in the Authorized Text Books.

Composition.-As for Second Class Teachers.

lations relating to Trustees, Teachers, Municipal Councils, and School Inspectors.

Music. To know the principals of Vocal Music. Drawing. To evince facility in making perspective and outline sketches of common objects on the blackboard. Book-Keeping. As for Second Class Teachers. Arithmetic.-To know the subject as contained in the Authorized Arithmetic, in theory and practice, to be able to solve problems in arithmetical rules with accuracy, neatness and despatch. To be ready and accurate in solving problems in Mental Arithmetic. Mensuration.-To be familiar with rules for Mensuration of Surface and Solids.

Algebra. To know the subject as contained in the Authorized Text Book completed.

Euclid.-Books I. II. III. IV., Definitions of V., and Book VI. with exercises.

NOTE. For female teachers, the first book only of Euclid is required. If, however, the candidate desires a certificate of eligibility as an Examiner, the same examination must be passed in Euclid as is required of male teachers.

Natural Philosophy.-As for Second Class Teachers; and, in addition, to be acquainted with Dynamics, Hydrodynamics and Acoustics, pp. 109-167, Sangster's Natural Philosophy, Part I.

Chemical Physics.-To have a good general acquaintance with the subjects of Heat, Light and Electricity.

Chemistry.-As for Second Class Teachers; and to be familiar with the Definitions, Nomenclature, Laws of Chemical Combination, and to possess a general knowledge of the Chemistry of the Metalloids and Metals (Roscoe).

Human Physiology.-As for Second Class Teachers.

Natural History.--General View of Animal Kingdom-Characters of principal classes, orders and genera (Gosse's Zoology for Schools) [or Wood's Natural History].

Botany.-Vegetable Physiology and Anatomy-Systematic Botany-Flowering Plants of Canada (Gray's How Plants Grow).

Agricultural Chemistry.-Proximate and ultimate constituents of plants and soils-Mechanical and Chemical modes of improving soils-Rotation of crops, &c., &c. (Dr. Ryerson's First Lessons in Agriculture).

VIII. Powers and Duties of Masters and Teachers of Public

Schools.

The ninetieth and the following sections of the School Act, prescribe, in explicit and comprehensive terms, the duties of teachers; and no teacher can legally claim his salary who disregards the requirements of the law, Among other things the Act requires each teacher to 66 maintain proper order and discipline in his school, according to the authorized forms and regulations." The law makes it the duty of the Chief Superintendent of Education to provide the forms and the Council of Public Instruction prescribes the following regulations for the guidance of masters and teachers in the conduct and discipline of their schools.

1. Number of Teachers.--In every school in which there are two or more teachers employed therein, the trustees shall determine who shall be considered as the master of the school.

NOTE.-Designation. The head teacher employed in any Public School, in which there is more than one teacher, shall be designated and known as the master, and the others shall be named first, second, or third, &c., assistant teacher.]

(1) POWERS AND DUTIES OF MASTERS.

Authority as a Public Officer.-The master of every school is a public officer, and, as such, shall have power, and it shall be his duty

English Literature.-To have a general acquaintance with the to observe and enforce the following rules :-history of English Literature (Collier).

Writing. As for Second Class Teachers.

Geography. As for Second Class Teachers, and in addition to possess a special knowledge of the Geography of British America and the United States, including the relative positions of the Provinces and States, with their capitals; to understand the structure of the crust of the earth; use of the globes (Lovell's General Geography, and Keith on the Globes).

History.-General English and Canadian (Collier and Hodgins). Education.-As for Second Class Teachers, and in addition to possess a good knowledge of the elementary principles of Mental and Moral Philosophy; and to be acquainted with the methods of teaching all the branches of the Public School course.

School Law. To be acquainted with the Law and Official Regu

*The following little works are also highly recommended for perusal, both by Teachers and Pupils, viz. :-"The House I Live In," by T. C. Girtin, Surgeon (Longmans), and "Our Earthly House and its Builder." (Religious Tract Society.)

1. See that the Rules are observed.-He shall see that these general rules and regulations, and any special rules (not inconsistent with them) which may be approved by the trustees for their respective schools, are duly and faithfully carried out, subject to appeal, in case of dissatisfaction, to the Inspector.

2. Prescribe Duties of Teachers.-He shall prescribe (with the assent of the trustees) the duties of the several teachers in his school, but he shall be responsible for the control and management of the classes uuder their charge.

3. Power to Suspend Pupils.-He shall suspend (subject to appeal, by the parent or guardian, to the trustees), any pupil, for any of the following reasons:

(1.) Truancy persisted in.

(2.) Violent opposition to authority.
(3.) Repetition of any offence after notice.
(4.) Habitual and determined neglect of duty.

(5.) The use of profane, obscene, or other improper language.
(6.) General bad conduct, and bad example, to the injury of the
school.

(7.) Cutting, marring, destroying, defacing, or injuring any of and occupation; and such other information as shall at all times the Public School property, such as buildings, furniture, fences, give a correct idea of the condition of the school. trees, shubbery, seats, &c.; or writing any obscene or improper 15. Religious Exercises-Ten Commandments. He shall see that words on the fences, privies, or any part of the premises; pro- the regulations in regard to Opening and Closing Exercises of the vided that any master suspending a pupil for any of the causes Day (Chapter III.) are observed, and that the Ten Commandments above-named, shall immediately, after such suspension, give notice are duly taught to all the pupils and repeated by them once a thereof, in writing, to the parent or guardian of such pupil, and week. to the trustees, in which notice shall be stated the reason for such suspension; but no pupil shall be expelled without the authority of the trustees. [See also regulation 2 of the "Duties of Assistant Teachers." which also applies to Masters.]

Expulsion of Pupils.-When the example of any pupil is very hurtful to the school, and in all cases where reformation appears hopeless, it shall be the duty of the master, with the approbation of the trustees, to expel such pupil from the school. But any pupil under public censure, who shall express to the master his regret for such a course of conduct, as openly and explicitly as the case may require, shall with the approbation of the trustees and master, be re-admitted to the school. The hundred and eighty-second section of the School Law, declares "that any pupil who shall be adjudged so refractory by the trustees (or by a majority of them) and the teacher, that his presence in the school is deemed injurious to the other pupils, may be dismissed from such school, and, where practicable, removed to an Industrial School."

(2.) DUTIES OF ASSISTANT TEACHERS.

The teacher of each class or department of a school shall observe the following regulations :

1. Pupils. He shall give the children under his charge constant employment in the studies prescribed in the authorized programme; and endeavour, by judicious and diversified modes, to render the exercises of the school pleasant, as well as profitable.

2. Discipline. He shall practise such discipline in his school, class, or department, as would be exercised by a kind, firm, and judicious parent in his family. It is strictly enjoined upon all teachers in the schools to avoid the appearance of indiscreet haste in the discipline of their pupils; and, in any difficult cases which may occur, to apply to the master, Inspector, or to the trustees (as the case may be) for advice and direction.†

3. Regulations.-He shall read, or cause to be read, to his class, at least once in each quarter, (or otherwise inform the pupils of) so much of the regulations as shall be necessary to give them a proper understanding of the rules by which they are governed.

4. Register. He shall keep the register (provided by the Education Department, and furnished by the trustees), and remain their property, in which shall be entered the names and daily attendance of pupils, their proficiency in various studies and other in5. Returns. He shall make such returns, and at such times, as may be required by the master, Inspector, or trustees, relating to his class, school or department.

(3.) ADDITIONAL DUTIES OF MASTERS AND TEACHERS.

5. Care of School Property. He shall excercise the strictest vigilance over the Public School property under his charge, the building, outhouses, fences, &c., furniture apparatus, and books belonging to the school, so that they may receive no injury; and give prompt notice, in writing, to the trustees, or person appointed by them, under regulation 13, of the Duties of Trustees, (if in cities, towns, or villages, to the Inspector,) of any repairs which may formation. require to be made to the building, premises, or furniture, &c., and of any furniture or supples which may be required for the school. 6. Regulations in regard to School Premises, &c. The Trustees having made such provision relative to the school house and its appendages, as are required by the twenty-sixth (9) section, and the eighty-sixth (5) section of the School Act, and as provided in regulation 9 of the "Duties of Trustees," it shall be the duty of the Master to give strict attention to the proper ventilation and temperature, as well as to the cleanliness of the school house; he shall also prescribe such rules for the use of the yard and out-buildings connected with the school house, as will insure their being kept in a neat and proper condition; and he shall be held responsible for any want of cleanliness about the premises. 7. School open for Pupils.-Care must be taken to have the school house ready for the reception of pupils at least fifteen minutes before the time prescribed for opening the school, in order to afford shelter to those who may arrive before the appointed hour. (See regulation 12 "Duties of Assistant Teachers.")

8. Out Premises. He shall see that the yards, sheds, privies, and other out-buildings are kept in order, and that the school house and premises are locked at all proper times; and that all deposits of sweepings, from rooms or yards, are removed from the premises. 9. Fires and Sweeping. He shall employ, at a compensation to be fixed by the trustees, a suitable person to make fires, to sweep the rooms and halls daily, and dust the windows, walls, seats, desks, and other furniture in the same; but no assiatant teacher or pupil shall be required to perform such duty, unless voluntarily, and with suitable compensation.

10. Librarian.-He shall act as librarian of the school, and take charge of the books; also make, keep, and preserve a catalogue of the same; deliver, charge, receive, and credit the volumes given out; and keep a register of the same; number, label, and catalogue the books; and make returns of the library, its books, &c., as required by the library regulations.

11. The Library. He shall keep the library open for the distribution (and return) of books to their scholars, and ratepayers of the school division, on Friday afternoon of each week; but this duty shall not be permitted to interfere with the regular exercises of the

school.

It shall also be the duty of each master and teacher of a Public and Separate School to observe the following regulations :1. General Principles of Government.-Masters and teachers are to evince a regard for the improvement and general welfare of their pupils; treat them with kindness, combined with firmness, and aim at governing them by their affections and reason, rather than by harshness and severity. Teachers shall also, as far as practicable, exercise a general care over their pupils in and out of school, and shall not confine their instruction and superintendence to the usual school studies, but shall, as far as possible, extend the same to the mental and moral training of such pupils, to their personal deportment, to the practice of correct habits and good manners among them, and to omit no opportunity of inculcating the principles of TRUTH and HONESTY, the duties of respect to superiors, and obedience to all persons placed in authority over them.

2. Merit Cards-Prizes.—In all the schools, the series of Merit Cards, prepared and authorized by the Education Department, shall be regularly used; and if prizes are given, it must be on the principles laid down in that series of cards.

3. State of Feeling among Pupils.-Masters and teachers shall cultivate kindly and affectionate feelings among the pupils; discountenance quarrelling, cruelty to animals, and every approach to vice.

4. Absence. No master or teacher shall be absent from the school in which he or she may be employed, without permission of the trustees or Inspector, except in case of sickness, in which case the absence of such teacher shall be immediately reported to the trustees; and no deduction from the salary of a teacher, within the limits prescribed by law, shall be made on account of sickness, as certified by a medical man.

5. Subscriptions, Collections, Presents, &c.-No collection shall be taken up, or subscriptions solicited for any purpose, or notice of shows, or exhibitions given in any Public School, without the consent of the trustees; nor, as provided in the Act (section 143), 12. Reports. He shall make the necessary term, special, or an- shall the masters or teachers act as agents for books, or sell nual reports to the Trustees, to the Inspector or Chief Superin- stationery, &c., or receive presents (unless presented to them tendent, at such times and in such manner as may be required. on leaving the school), nor award, without the permission of the

*See note to (a) of regulation 4 of the "Duties of Inspectors."
The following are modes to be adopted or avoided :-

13. General Register. He shall keep a daily and a general admis-trustees, medals or other prizes of their own to the pupils under sion register of the school (to be furnished by the trustees), in the their charge. latter of which shall be entered, in each term, the date of the admission of each pupil; his or her name and age; from whence received; the parent's or guardian's name and residence; the names of each of the classes in the school, together with the names of the pupils in each such classes; the promotion of pupils from one class to another; record of attendance of the pupil; date of his leaving the school, and destination, both as to place

(a) Proper.--Reproof kindly but firmly given, either in private or before the school, as circumstances require it, or such severe punishment as the case really warrants, administered as directed in the above regulation.

(b) Improper. Contemptuous language, reproof administered in passion, personal indignity or torture, and violation of the laws of health.

6. Teachers' Meetings.-All masters and teachers in cities, towns, 4. Absence. A pupil absenting himself from school, except on and villages, shall regularly attend the teachers' meetings, at such account of sickness, or other urgent reasons satisfactory to the times, and under such regulations, as the Inspector shall direct; and master, forfeits his standing in the class, and his right to attend the they shall by study, recitations, and general exercises, strive to school for the remainder of the quarter. systematize and perfect the modes of discipline and of teaching in the Public Schools.

5. Excuses -Any pupil not appearing at the regular hour of commencing any class of the school which he may be attending, without 7. Teaching. They shall classify the children according to the a written excuse from his parent or guardian, may be denied books used; study those books themselves, and teach according to 'admittance to such school for the day, or half-day, at the discretion the improved methods recommended in their prefaces. In giving out of the teacher. the lessons for the next day, difficult parts should be explained, and, 6. Punctual Attendance.-Every pupil, once admitted to school, where necessary, the best mode of studying them pointed out. and duly registered, shall attend at the commencement of each term,

8. Visiting Schools. The Inspector may permit a master or and continue in punctual attendance until its close, or until he is teacher to be absent two of the ordinary teaching days in each half-regularly withdrawn by notice to the teachers to that effect; and no year, for the purpose of visiting and observing the methods of pupil violating this rule shall be entitled to continue in such school, classification, teaching and discipline practised in other schools than or be admitted to any other, until such violation is certified by the that in which he or she teaches; and such visit, with the name of parents or guardian to have been necessary and unavoidable, which the school or schools visited, shall be duly reported by such master shall be done personally or in writing. or teacher to the Inspector ;* but such permission shall not be given 7. School to Attend.-Pupils in cities, towns, and villages shall by the Inspector if the absence of the teacher will be, in his judg- be required to attend any particular school which may be desigment, injurious to the interests of the school; nor shall this per- nated for them by the Inspector, with the consent of the trustees. mission be granted to any master or teacher who fails to report, or And the Inspector alone, under the same authority, shall have who has employed the time heretofore given to him for this pur- the power to make transfers of pupils from one school to anpose otherwise than in visiting schools, as authorized by this re- other. gulation. 8. Absence from Examination.-Any pupil absenting himself from examination, or any portion thereof, without permission of the master, shall not thereafter be admitted to any Public School, except by authority of the Inspector, in writing; and the names of all such absentees shall be reported by the master immediately to the trustees; and this rule shall be read to the school just before the examination days, at the close of each quarter.

9. Time-Table. They shall keep in some conspicuous place in the school-room, a Time Table, showing the order of exercises for every day in the week, and the time for each exercise, as prescribed in the programme of studies for Public Schools.

10. Classes.-The division of pupils into classes, as prescribed by the programme, shall be strictly observed; and no teacher shall be allowed to take his or her class beyond the limits fixed for the classes taught by such teachers, without the consent of the master or Inspector, except for occasional reviews; but individual pupils, on being qualified, may, with the consent of the master, be advanced from a lower to the higher class.

11. Quarterly Examination.-Each class in every school shall be open for public examination and inspection during the last week of every quarter; and the teacher shall call upon every pupil in the school, unless excused, to review or recite in the course of such

9. Going to and from School.-Pupils shall be responsible to the master for any misconduct on the school premises, or in going to or returning from school, except when accompanied by their parents or guardians, or some person appointed by them, or on their behalf. 10. Supply of Books.-No pupil shall be allowed to remain in the school unless he is furnished with the books and requisities required to be used by him in the school; but in case of a pupil being in danger of losing the advantages of the school, by reason of his inability to obtain the necessary books or requisities, through the poverty of his parent or guardian, the trustees have power to pro12. In School at 83 A. M., &c.-All teachers shall be in their re cure and supply such pupil with the books and requisities needed. spective schools, and open their rooms for the receptionof pupils, 11. Fees for Books.-The fees for books and stationery, &c., as at least fifteen minutes in the morning, and five minutes in the fixed by the trustees in cities and towns, whether monthly or afternoon, before the specified time for beginning school; and dur-quarterly, or fees for non-resident pupils shall be payable in ing school hours they shall faithfully devote themselves to the advance; and no pupil shall have right to enter or continue in the duties of their office. school until he shall have paid the appointed fee, or it shall have been paid on his behalf.

examination.

13. Visitors' Book.-They shall keep the visitors' book (which is required by law to be furnished by the trustees), in which shall be entered the dates of visits and names of visitors, with such remarks as such visitors may choose to make.

14. Visitors. They shall receive courteously the visitors appointed by law, and afford them every facility for inspecting the books used, and for examining into the state of the school; shall keep the visitors' book accessible, that the visitors may, if they choose, enter

remarks in it.

NOTE. The frequency of visits to the school by intelligent persons animates the pupils, and greatly aids the faithful teacher.

IX. Duties of Pupils in the Public Schools.

12. Property Injured.-Any property of the schools that may be injured or destroyed by pupils, must he made good forthwith by the parent or guardian, under a penalty of the suspension of the delinquent pupil. (See (7) of regulation 3 of the "Powers and Duties of Masters.")

13. Contagious Diseases.-No pupil shall be admitted to, or continue in, any of the Public Schools who has not been vaccinated, or who is afflicted with, or has been exposed to, any contagious disease, until all danger of contagion from such pupil, or from the disease or exposure, shall have passed away, as certified in writing by a medical man.

14. Effects of Expulsion.-No pupil shall be admitted to any Pub1. Cleanliness and Good Conduct.-Pupils must come to school lic School who has been expelled from any school, unless by the clean and neat in their persons and clothes. They must avoid idle-written authority of the Inspector. See regulation 4, Duties of ness, profanity, falsehood, and deceit, quarrelling and fighting, Masters. cruelty to dumb animals; be kind and courteous to each other, obedient to their instructors, diligent in their studies, and conform to the rules of their school.

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*Each High and Public School Master and Teacher must give at least three days' notice to the trustee; and, in addition, the High School Master must communicate with the Educational Department, so that he may not be absent during the visits of the Inspector to his school. In order that no loss of apportionment may accure to any school in consequence of the master's absence under this regulation, a proportionate amount of average attendance will be credited to the school for the time so employed by the teacher; but under no circumstances can lost time be lawfully made up by teaching on any of the prescribed holidays, or half holidays, nor will such time be reckoned by the Department, or be allowed by the Inspector.

15. Certificate on Leaving.-Every pupil entitled thereto shall, when he leaves, or removes from, a school receive a certificate of good conduct and standing, in the form prescribed, if deserving of it.

X-Public School Boards in Cities, Towns and Incorporated
Villages.

1. The School law provides that

For every ward into which any City or Town is divided : (a) There shall be two School Trustees, each of whom, after the first election of trustees, shall continue in office for two years, and until his successor has been elected.

(b) One of the trustees elected shall retire on the second Wednesday in January yearly in rotation (sec. 70).

In every town, not divided into wards, and in every incorporated village, there shall be six school trustees, two of whom, after the first election, shall retire from office yearly on the second Wednesday in January (sec. 75).

2. Officers of the Board.-The law requires that there shall be elected annually by the Board from among its own members (1) a Chairman. The Board is also required to appoint for such period

as it may decide (2) a Secretary, and (3) in cities and towns an Inspector of Schools. It may also at its discretion appoint (4) a Collector of school [fees for contingencies and non-resident pupils], and (5) a Secretary-Treasurer.

(3) A primary school for each ward. (4) Intermediate schools in convenient localitiəs, &c. (5) Infant sclools in convenient localities or connected with the ward schools.

(6) Industrial schools for neglected children.

3. Proceedings of the Board.-The Board is authorized by law "to appoint the times and places of their meetings and the inode of calling them; and of conducting and recording their proceedings, XI. -Powers and Duties of Public School Trustees in Rural and of keeping all their school accounts."

Sections.

4. Committees of the Board.-In addition to the officers of the Board mentioned, the Board can most conveniently supervise the 1. School Meetings.-The notice calling an annual or special details of its work by means of committees, viz., (1) on Finance, school meeting, should specify the place, time and objects of the (2) School Buildings, (3) Appointment of Teachers, (4) Printing, meeting. It may be signed by the secretary, by direction of the (5) Repairs and Supplies, (6) School Management, and any others trustees, or by a majority of the trustees themselves. The corporate desired. The Board is authorized to "appoint a special committee seal need not be attached to it. Three notices should be put up in of not more than three persons [not necessarily members of the conspicuous places in the section, at least six days before the meetBoard] for the special charge, oversight, and management of each ing. See chapter viii of the regulations. school within the city, town or village."

5. Order of Business.-At every regular meeting of the Board it is recommended that the order of proceeding shall be :

(1) Reading and confirming the minutes.

(2) Reading and referring letters, memorials, &c.

(3) Giving notices of motion.

(4) Taking up unfinished business and former notices.

(5) Presenting and adopting reports of committees.

(6) Miscellaneous business.

6. Rules of Order:—

(1) Quorum. A majority of the members of the Board shall form a quorum.

(2) The Chairman shall have one vote on all questions; but in case of a tie, the question shall be considered lost.

(3) The Inspector, by permission of the Board, may be present and speak on any matter connected with his department or duties, but shall have no vote on any question.

(4) Addressing Chairman-Every member, previous to speaking, shall rise and address himself to the Chairman.

(5) Questions and Replies-Questions asked and replies to mem-bers, shall be through the Chairman.

(6) Order of Speaking-When two or more members rise at once, the Chairman shall name the member who shall speak first, after which the other member or members shall have the right to address the meeting in the order named by the Chairman.

(7) Speaking Twice-No member shall speak more thanminutes or twice (except in Committee) on the same question or amendment, without leave of the meeting, except in explanation of something which may have been misunderstood, or in reply to a question, until every one desiring to speak shall have spoken. (8) Motion to be Read-Each member may require the question or motion under discussion to be read for his information at any time, but not so as to interrupt a member when speaking.

(9) Filling Blanks-In filling blanks the largest sum and the longest time shall be put first.

(10) Non-Debatable Questions-Motions (1) to adjourn, (2) lie on the table, (3) for tie previous question, or (4) upon the order

of business shall not be debatable.

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(11) Previous Question-When the “previous question " is decided in the negative, the original question shall then remain before the Board to be debated or put, &c.

(12) Proper Motions-When a question is under debate, no motion shall be received but (1) to adjourn, (2) lie on the table, (3) for the previous question," (4) to postpone to a day certain, (5) to commit, or recommit to a committee, (6) to award, or (7) to postpone indefinitely which several questions shall have precedence in the order in which they are named.

2. Declaration of Office.-Every trustee, on his election, is required by law to make a verbal declaration of office in presence of the chairman of the meeting. If the chairman himself be elected he must make the declaration before the secretary of the meeting. In no case is an oath of office, or signed declaration by the trustee elect, required. The act must be verbally performed.* Even if it be not performed, the trustee is nevertheless a legal trustee until he is fined by the magistrate for neglect to make the declaration. On being fined, the office is vacated, and a new election should be at once held. 3. Trustees' Tenure of Office-Vacancies. Each rural trustee is elected for three years., "and until his successor is elected." After his term has expired, he may refuse re-election for four years. When in office, he may resign, with the consent (in writing) of his colleagues and of the County Inspector. The removal of himself and family from the section, at once vacates his office; but if his home and his family remain in the section, he may be temporarily absent for six months at a time before his office becomes

vacant

4. Personal responsibility of Trustees.-As moneys may be lost to the section through the dishonesty or carelessness of the trustees, or of the individuals to whom they may entrust it, without their having taken proper security, or, by the neglect or refusal of the trustees to keep open the school during each half-year, the law inakes the trustees personally responsible for the loss, and the amount can be recovered from them for the benefit of the section. As the law requires the Inspector to apportion, but (under certain conditions), not to pay money to every section under his jurisdiction-whether a school has been kept in it or not-the amount for which the trustees are responsible can easily be ascertained (on the basis of the attendance of pupils during the corresponding period of the previous year). Trustees are also personally responsible for any contract entered into by the corporation, which they refuse to fulfil. (See the hundred and sixty-eighth and following sections of the School Law.)

5. Corporate Acts, when lawful.-Trustees' contracts or other corporate acts and business to be lawful and binding upon the corporation, must be agreed to at a trustees' meeting duly called, of which each member of the corporation has had verbal or written notice from the secretary, or any trustee. The presence and consent of a majority of the corporation is necessary to constitute a valid act of such corporation. The law requires that a record of the proceedings of any school corporation “shall be entered in a book " to be kept for that purpose. Contracts or agreements with teachers and other parties must be in writing, and sealed with the corporate seal, otherwise they are mere private agreements, which may be enforced against the individuals making them. This rule does not apply to minor purchases or unimportant orders for work required to be done for the corporation, and involving a small outlay. In such cases trustees may authorize one of themselves or their secre(14) Motions before the Meeting-All motions made and seconded tary to attend to such matters on their behalf. (See regulation 13 shall be considered in possession of the Board and shall be reduced of this chapter.) No trustee can enter into a contract with the corto writing, whenever required by a member; they may be with-poration of which he is a member, or have any pecuniary claim on drawn at any time before decision, with the consent of the meeting. it, except for a school site, or as collector of school rates, when duly (15) Kind of Motion to be Received-When a motion is under appointed by his colleagues. debate, no other motion shall be received, unless to amend it or to 6. Collector and Treasurer. The law requires the trustees to take postpone it, or for adjournment; but no motion or proposition on security from their collector and secretary-treasurer (whether they a subject different from the one under consideration shall be be members of the corporation, or other parties), before they perintroduced under colour of an amendment. mit them to enter on the duties of their office. Should they neglect

(13) Questions Decided-No question decided by the Board shall be again raised during the year, without the consent of a majority of the Board.

(16) Order of Putting Motions--All questions shall be put in the order in which they are moved. Amendments shall be put before the main motion; the last amendment first, and so on.

7. Kinds of Schools Authorized.-The Board is authorized "to determine the number, sites, kind, and description of schools to be established in the city, town or village," viz:

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Even should a trustee's election be appealed against to the Inspector, the trustee himself must hold office, and act until his election is legally set aside. The principle is, that an individual coming into office by color of an election or appointment, is an officer de facto (in fact), and his acts in relation to the public, are valid until he is removed, although it be conceded that his election or appointment was illegal. When his election is confirmed, he becomes a trustee de jure (of right) and no further objection can be made to Thim. (See regulation 23, of the Duties of Inspectors.

to do so, the trustees render themselves personally responsible for any money lost to the section in consequence of such neglect, and will be required to make it good out of their own pockets.

15. Expenses of the School.—The majority of the trustees of every school section, have the right to decide what expenses they will incur for maps, school apparatus, library and prize books, salaries 7. School Section Accounts.-The law requires trustees or their of teachers, and all other expenses of their school (as provided in secretary-treasurer to furnish the school section anditors with all regulation 14). The trustees are not required to refer such matters vouchers for the payment of school money during the year, together to any public meeting whatever; but they alone have the right to with such papers, books, &c., and verbal information on the sub- decide as to the nature and amount of any expenses which they may ject as may serve to explain the items in the accounts. "In case judge it expedient to incur for such purposes. of difference of opinion between the auditors on any matter in the 16. Half-yearly Returns.-In filling up the return, the trustees accounts, it shall be referred to and decided by the County should see that the teacher transcribes from the school register, Inspector.' according to the register number, the name of each pupil admitted 8. Adequate School Accommodation. - The law declares Trustees to the school during the half year, and the number of days such "shall provide adequate accommodations for all the children of pupil may have attended during each month of that period. The school age [i.e., that is between the ages of five and twenty-one attendance of no child can exceed the number of authorized teachyears resident] in their school division," (i.e., School section, city, town, or village.) These "accommodations" to be "adequate," should include (1.) A site of an acre, in extent, but in no case less than half an (2.) A school house (with separate rooms where the number of pupils exceeds fifty), the walls of which shall not be less than ten feet high in the clear, and which shall not contain less than nine square feet on the floor for each child in the section or division, so as to allow an area in each room, for at least one hundred cubic feet of air for each child.* It shall also be sufficiently warmed, and ventilated, and the premises properly drained.

acre.

(3.) A sufficient paling or fence round the school premises. (4.) A play ground, or other satisfactory provision for physical exercise, within the fences, and off the road.

(5.) A well, or other means of procuring water for the school. (6.) Proper and separate offices for both sexes, at some little distance from the school house, and suitably enclosed.

(7.) Necessary school furniture and apparatus, viz.: desks, seats, blackboards, maps, library, presses and books, &c., required for the efficient conduct of the school. (See also note to (a) of regulation 4, of the "Duties of Inspectors.'

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9. Site of School House. In any school section should a new school site be deemed desirable, the trustees, or the County Inspector, can call a school meeting to decide the question. Should a difference of opinion arise between a majority of the trustees and the ratepayers on the subject, the matter must be referred to arbitration as provided by law; but the trustees alone have the legal right to decide upon the size and enlargement of a school site.

10. Erection of School House, Teacher's residence, etc. The trustees alone have also the power to decide upon the cost, size and description of school house, or teacher's residence, which they shall erect. No ratepayer, public meeting, or committee, has any authority to interfere with them in this matter. They have also full power to decide what fences, outbuildings, sheds and other accommodations shall be provided on the school site, adjacent to the schoool house, as provided in regulation 9. To them also exclusively belongs the duty of having the school plat planted with shade trees, and properly laid out.

12. Use of School House.-No school house or lot (unless so provided for in the deed), or any building, furniture, or other thing pertaining thereto, shall be used or occupied for any other purpose than for the use and accommodation of the public schools of the section or division, without the express permission of the trustee corporation, and then only after school hours, and on condition that all damages be made good, and cleaning, sweeping, &c., promptly

done.

ing days at the head of each monthly column of the return. The names of all children whose parents or guardians reside, or have taxable property in the school section, are to be included as "residents," but no others. "Non-resident children' are those whose parents or guardians do not reside, but may, in some cases, have taxable property in the section. Such children are to be separately reported in the place assigned for non-resident children in the return. Children who are visitors in the section, or boarders, for less that a year, whose parents or guardians do not live in the section, are also non-residents. See note to regulation 16 of the Duties of Inspectors.

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17. Trustees to send in Returns. The law requires trustees to transmit their returns, signed by a majority of the corporation and the teacher, (with the corporate seal attached) to the Inspector immediately (or within ten days at farthest), after the close of the year or half-year, to which they refer. Trustees neglecting to make their returns, forfeit the amount which might otherwise have been payable to their school, and become personally liable to their section for the amount thus forfeited or lost, on the complaint of any person to a magistrate :-See thirty-first section of the Consolidated Public School Act, and regulation of the Duties of Inspec

tors.

18. Union School Section Returns.-The trustees of union school sections will transmit exact copies of their return to the Inspectors concerned, distinguishing the pupils belonging to each township. 19. False Returns.-Every trustee or teacher signing a false return in order to obtain a larger share of the school fund, renders himself liable to a fine of twenty dollars, or punishment for misdemeanor, besides forfeiture of any share in the school fund:-See one hundred and thirty-eighth section of the Consolidated School Act.

20. Use of Corporate Seal. -The trustees' seal should not be affixed to mere notices or letters, but only to contracts, agreements, deeds, or other papers which are designed to bind the trustees as a corporation for the payment of money, or the performance of any specified duty.

21. Free Public School Library. The twenty-sixth section (23), of the School Act declares that "It shall be the duty of the trustees of each school section to appoint a librarian, and to take such steps as are authorized by law and as they may judge expedient, for the establishment, safe keeping and proper management of a school library for their section," etc. In case they neglect to appoint a librarian, regulations 10 & 11, of the Duties of Masters provide that the master shall act as librarian, and shall see that the regulations in regard to the libraries are duly carried out. Trustees are not required to consult a public meeting on the subject; but the law makes it their duty as trustees to provide a library for the school, under the departmental regulations.

13. Care and Repair of School House.- Trustees should appoint one of their number, or other responsible person, and give him au- XIII. Rules for Public School Meetings in Rural School Sections. thority, and make it his duty to keep the school-house in good I. MEETING ORGANIZED.-The senior, or other trustee, present, repair. He should also see to it that the windows are properly filled with glass; that, at a proper season the stove and pipe are in a fit condition, and suitable wood provided; that the desks and seats are in good repair; that the outhouses are properly provided with doors, and are frequently cleaned; that the black-boards are kept painted, the water supply abundant, and everything is provided necessary for the comfort of the pupils and the success of the school.

shall at the proper hour (10 o'clock, and not later than 103) call the meeting to order, and request the ratepayers present to appoint a Chairman and Secretary from among themselves.

14. Right of Trustees in regard to Teacher, Apparatus, Books, etc.— The trustees alone, and not any public meeting have the right to decide what teacher shall be employed, how much shall be paid to him, what apparatus, library, and prize books shall be purchased, what repairs, &c., shall be authorized (as provided in regulation 13); in short, every thing they may think expedient to do for the interest of the school.

*Thus for instance, a room for fifty children would require space for 5,000 cubic feet of air. This would be equal to a cube of the following dimensions in feet, viz: 25 x 20 x 10, which is equivalent to a room 25 feet long by 20 wide and 10 feet high.

(1) Chairman's Duty.-The chairman, on election, shall at once take the chair, and shall preserve order and decorum, and shall decide questions of order, subject to an appeal to the meeting. He may give a casting vote, but no other.

(2) Secretary's Duty. The secretary shall record in writing all the votes and proceedings of the meeting.

II. ORDER OF BUSINESS to be followed at the meeting :— (1) Calling the meeting to order.

(2) Election of chairman and secretary.

(3) Reading of trustees' annual report and auditors' statement of receipts and expenditure.

(4) Reception of trustees' report and auditors' statement. (5) Election of trustee to fill the vacancy of the year. (6) Election of trustee or trustees to fill any other vacancy. NOTE. The school meeting has no power to alter the trustees' estimate of these expenses of the School, or reduce the salary of the Teachers, etc.

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