Racial Revolutions: Antiracism and Indian Resurgence in BrazilSince the 1970s there has been a dramatic rise in the Indian population in Brazil as increasing numbers of pardos (individuals of mixed African, European, and indigenous descent) have chosen to identify themselves as Indians. In Racial Revolutions—the first book-length study of racial formation in Brazil that centers on Indianness—Jonathan W. Warren draws on extensive fieldwork and numerous interviews to illuminate the discursive and material forces responsible for this resurgence in the population. The growing number of pardos who claim Indian identity represents a radical shift in the direction of Brazilian racial formation. For centuries, the predominant trend had been for Indians to shed tribal identities in favor of non-Indian ones. Warren argues that many factors—including the reduction of state-sponsored anti-Indian violence, intervention from the Catholic church, and shifts in anthropological thinking about ethnicity—have prompted a reversal of racial aspirations and reimaginings of Indianness. Challenging the current emphasis on blackness in Brazilian antiracist scholarship and activism, Warren demonstrates that Indians in Brazil recognize and oppose racism far more than any other ethnic group. Racial Revolutions fills a number of voids in Latin American scholarship on the politics of race, cultural geography, ethnography, social movements, nation building, and state violence. Designated a John Hope Franklin Center book by the John Hope Franklin Seminar Group on Race, Religion, and Globalization. |
Contents
Maxakali Creation Story | 1 |
1 Posttraditional Indians | 5 |
2 Methodological Reflections | 34 |
3 The State of Indian Exorcism | 54 |
4 Racial Stocks and Brazilian Bonds | 93 |
5 Prophetic Christianity Indigenous Mobilization | 137 |
6 The Common Sense of Racial Formation | 164 |
7 Indian Judges | 207 |
Epilogue | 280 |
Questionnaire 19951997 | 283 |
Questionnaire 19921994 | 285 |
Biographical Data of Indian Interviewees | 287 |
Biographical Data of NonIndian Interviewees | 291 |
Notes | 297 |
Glossary | 339 |
Bibliography | 341 |
Common terms and phrases
African aldeia Apukaré aldeia Guarani Amazon anthropologists anti-Indian violence antiracist artesenato Belo Horizonte Benvinda black movement Brasília Brazilian Burdick caboclo cacique chapter church CIMI civilized Cleonice colonial culture descent eastern Brazil eastern Indians Espírito Santo ethnic example fazendeiros forest France Winddance Twine FUNAI Fundação given groups Guarani Gumercino Ibid identify as Indian imagined Indi Indian communities Indian exorcism Indian identities Indian resurgence Indígenas indigenous Índio individuals instance interviewed Itambacuri Kaxixó Krenak land language Latin America live Maxakali mestizo Minas Gerais mulatto murder Negro non-Indians nonwhites organizations Pankararu Paraiso pardos Pataxó Paulo percent person phenotype plantation political population Portuguese posseiros posttraditional Indians Puhuí race Racial Democracy racism region Rio de Janeiro São Paulo savage mind self-identify as Indian Silva slavery slaves social society territory tion traditional tribal tribes Tupinikim Twine U.S. dollars urban Vasalia Warren white F white supremacy Winddance Xacriabá