3. Togarmah: Armenia. Ezekiel xxxviii. 6. The Armenians call themselves the "House of Thorgom." II. MAGOG: Caucasus and vicinity-Scythians or the Mongolian tribes, Ezek. xxxviii. 2. "Gog the prince of Magog." In the word Gog, pronounced gutturally, we have the first III. MADAI: the Medes. Mãdo. IV. JAVAN or IōN: Ionians or Greeks. 'Iάoves, Hom. Il. xiii. 685. 1. Elishah: 'Enna Elis or Hellas-the Greeks, dwelling on the 2. Tarshish: Tartessus, in the south and east of Spain. Taprooós the region where the Phoenicians first planted coloniesΦοινίκων κτίσμα ἡ Ταρτησσος, Arrian ii. 16. 3. Kittim: the inhabitants of Cyprus, and other Greek islands. Citiaci, Cicero de finibus, xirov Tóλs in Cyprus, Ptolem. v. is explained by Krús-Böckh. Corp. Inscrip. 14. 4. Dodanim: Dodonai, in Epirus. V. TUBAL: the Tibareni, in Pontus. Tßagnvol, Strabo ii. 129. VI. MESHECH: the Moschi, in the Moschian Mountains, between Iberia, Armenia, and Colchis. Herod vii. 78.—Mórxovs μév καὶ Τιβαρηνους. VII. TIRAS: gág, the Thracians, or perhaps the dwellers on the river Tiras, the Dniester. The names are identical, the HAMITES. Ham. I. CUSH: the Æthiopians and Southern Arabians. Luther renders Race of this term by the expressive German word Mohrenland-land of Moors-Negroland. It is plain that in Jeremiah xiii. 23, a Cushite means a man of colour. "Can the Ethiopian change his skin?"-Can the Negro change his colour? Ethiopians, says Josephus, are by all the Asiatics named Χουσᾶιοι. That the Cushites were partly in Arabia as well as Africa, and that the Ethiopia of Scripture is used with this wide significance, appears from the following table of the descendants of Cush, and is verified also by Herodotus, who speaks of Ethiopians from Asia and from Libyavii. 70. Their descendants were, 1. Nimrod, the first king of Shinar, i.e. Babylon and Mesopotamia. In Genesis x. 8, Nimrod is mentioned as a son of Cush; but the mode of allusion is not in the usual form. It seems to imply that Nimrod was audacious and adventurous-that he refused to follow the rest of his race in their southward progress, but went eastward to found a kingdom for himself; and at Babel to establish a central monarchy, in order to frustrate the divine command to disperse and populate the world. The design of the builders of Babel is expressed in these words "lest we be scattered abroad on the face of the whole earth." Nimrod resisted the purpose of heaven, but his efforts were defeated by the special intervention of the Almighty Legislator. 2. Seba: Meröe. It is joined with Cush and Egypt in Isaiah xliii. 3. 3. Havilah: Chaulotai, in Southern Arabia, or Avaλeiτns on the Persian Gulf, referred to by Ptol. iv. 7. 4. Sabta: Sabota, in Southern Arabia. Pliny, vi. 32. 5. Raamah: Rhegma, in the south-east of Arabia— Pɛyμα, Ptol. vi. 7. a. Sheba, probably a tribe in South Arabia. b. Dedan: Daden, an island in the Persian Gulf. 6. Sabtecha, on the east coast of Ethiopia. II. MIZRAIM: the Egyptians. The name is yet preserved in the word Misr, the city of Cairo. Allied by blood and descent to them were, 1. Ludim, African tribes on the frontiers of Egypt and Barbary. 2. Anamim.S LUDIM is associated with CUSH and PHUT in Jeremiah xlvi. 9, but the word is in our English version improperly rendered "Lydians." Pliny speaks of "flumen Laud" in Tingitania, v. 2. 3. Lehabim or Lubim: the Libyans. 4. Naphtuhim: the inhabitants of the province of Nephtys. 5. Pathrusim: the inhabitants of the Egyptian nome of Pathures, ΠαθούρηςPathros. 6. Casluhim: the term cannot refer, as is ordinarily supposed, to the Colchians of Asia Minor, as, according to tradition, they were a military colony planted by the Pharaoh whom the Greek authors term Sesostris-Herodotus ii. 104. According to some Egyptologers, the Hebrew word KSLHim, would, in the phonetic Hieroglyphics, read as Shillou-kah, the land of the Shilloughs-dwellers among the Oases and in portion of Barbary. The Berbers, says an eastern author, descend from Kesloudim, son of Mizraim. Gliddon's Otia Ægyptiaca, p. 127. Herodotus ii. 104. Their offspring are noted as, a. Philistim, the Philistines. Canhtorim, the Cretans. III. PHUT: Mauritania. The name is now softened, as in so many of these southern tongues, into Fez. CUSH and PHUT stand in Jeremiah xlvi. 9 as a general term for Africa, or at least such portions of it as are not comprehended in Egypt. Pliny v. 1, where he says one of the rivers was named "Phaut." IV. CANAAN, gave his name to the country between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan. His colonies were, 1. The Sidonians, on the northern borders of Canaan. 2. The Hittites in the country of Hebron, south of Jerusalem. 3. The Jebusites, in and around Jerusalem. 4. The Amorites on the east and west side of the Dead Sea. 5. The Girgasites in the middle of the country. 6. The Hivites on the river Hermon and in the valleys of Lebanon. 7. The A kites, at the foot of Lebanon. 8. The Sinites, in the district of Lebanon. 9. The Arvadites, on the Phoenician island of Aradus and the opposite coast Αράδιοι. 10. The Zemarites, the inhabitants of the Phoenician town of Simyra. Strabo xvi. 11. The Hamathites, the inhabitants of the Syrian town of Epiphania on the Orontes, the eastern limit of Northern Palestine. SHEMITES. I. ELAM: the inhabitants of the province of Elymais-Persia. II. ASSHUR: the Assyrians. III. ARPHAXAD: the inhabitants of the northern part of Assyria, 'Appaπaxiτis, Ptolem. vi. 1. One of his descendants was Salah, from whom sprung Eber, Progenitor of the Hebrews, and from him a. Peleg, and b. Joktan, called by the Arabians Katchtan, ancestor of the following Arab tribes: 1. Almodad-middle of the province of Yemen. Ptolem. vi. 7. 2. Sheleph, the Selapenes in Nedj or Tehama in Southern Arabia, Σαλαπηνοί. 3. Hazarmaveth, the inhabitants of the Arabian province of 4. Jerah, the inhabitants of the mountains of the Moon. 6. Usal; the country of Sanaa in Southern Arabia. 7. Diklah. 8. Obal. 9. Abimael. } not fully recognized. 10. Sheba, Sabians in Southern Arabia. 11. Ophir, El-Ophir, in the Arabian Province of Oman. 13. Jobab, the Jobabites, on the Gulf of Salachitis, between IV. LUD: Lydia, anciently called Maeonia. Λουδαίοι, Λυδοι-Josephus i. 6. V. ARAM: of Syria and Mesopotamia. Claiming affinity of blood and descent were, 1. Uz, the inhabitants of a district in the north of Arabia Deserta. 2. Hul, perhaps the inhabitants of Colo-Syria. 3. Gether; unknown. 4. Mash, the inhabitants of a part of the Gordiæan Mountains, -probably Mons Masius. Strabo xi. OUR relation to the past not only gives us a peculiar interest in Study of its facts and occurrences, but naturally invites to inquire into their History. origin, character, development, and effects. As the memory ranges over bygone periods of time, the imagination not only pictures out. the scenes and actors-but analysis and investigation are called into exercise, in order to ascertain what were the leading principles of belief and action-what class of motive predominated-how events originated, and in what they resulted. For though our views of the history of the world must be governed by the actual state of its annals, yet unless we have most widely mistaken some of the greatest uses of history, they are not to be confined to those precincts. With the actual state of historical records it is the first duty of the annalist to be acquainted; but the motive that leads him to this duty will urge him beyond the collection of mere dates and details. The philosopher must be a student of history, and the real historian must be a philosopher. History, as a mere collection of facts, may supply a correct outline of what man has been; but philosophy must add the light and shade, the colouring and the keeping of the picture, to show him what man ought to be, and what he might have been, had he understood his nature and his destiny, and been able to profit by the circumstances in which Providence had placed him. Rational investigation must also afford us many views of one event, show us every element and phasis of prominent characters and circumstances, and invest the whole pursuit with |