CHOCOLATE TREEThe Chocolate Tree chronicles the natural and cultural history of Theobroma cacao and explores its ecological niche. Tracing cacao's "journey" out of the rain forest, into pre-Columbian gardens, and then onto plantations adjacent to rain forests, Allen M. Young describes the production of this essential crop, explaining how the seeds are extracted from the large, colorful pods. He details the environmental price of Europeanized cultivation, and ways that current reclamation efforts for New World rain forests can improve the natural ecology of the cacao tree. Recounting more than a dozen years of ecological fieldwork in and around cacao plantations in Costa Rica, Young reviews his research into the problem of poor levels of natural pollination on plantations. He recalls encounters with sloths, toucans, butterflies, giant tarantula hawk wasps, and other creatures found in cacao groves. Among these creatures Young discovered a tiny fly that provides a vital link between the chocolate tree and its original rain forest habitat. This discovery leads him to conclude that cacao trees in cultivation today may have lost their original insect pollinators due to the plants' long history of agricultural manipulation. |
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Page 29
... political challenges to the authority of the state are still possible today ( Wijeyewardene 1986 : 23-25 ; Heinze 1988 : 263-278 ) . In the Theravādin context , millennial movements very rarely succeed in achieving political power . It ...
... political challenges to the authority of the state are still possible today ( Wijeyewardene 1986 : 23-25 ; Heinze 1988 : 263-278 ) . In the Theravādin context , millennial movements very rarely succeed in achieving political power . It ...
Page 33
... political power . In the course of Tibetan history , hereditary lineages or , especially in the later period , rebirth - series of lamas often gained a degree of political control over large areas , either in association with local ...
... political power . In the course of Tibetan history , hereditary lineages or , especially in the later period , rebirth - series of lamas often gained a degree of political control over large areas , either in association with local ...
Page 443
... political and religious intrigues of this pe- riod , which came to center around the conflict between the supporters of the bön and shen priests ( T5 ) and the supporters of Buddhism ( T6 ) , and among the supporters of various schools ...
... political and religious intrigues of this pe- riod , which came to center around the conflict between the supporters of the bön and shen priests ( T5 ) and the supporters of Buddhism ( T6 ) , and among the supporters of various schools ...
Contents
The Cultivation of Cacao Past and Present | 14 |
Cacao and Agriculture in Costa Rica | 48 |
Excursions into the Natural History of Cacao and Cacao Plantations | 80 |
Copyright | |
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13th Dalai Lama agricultural Amdo areas Avalokitesvara banana betan Bhutan Bön Bönpo Buddha Buddhist cacao flowers cacao plantations cacao trees celibate centers Central America central Tibet century ch'öpa Chapter Chinese chocolate clerical cocoa context Costa Rica cultivation cultural patterns Dalai Lama developed Dingri Dorjé Drugpa Dzogch'en early Ekvall Enlightenment gall midges Gelugpa Geshé gompa Guru Rimpoch'e Indian insects K'am Kagyüdpa Karma Karmapa Ladakh Lama's Lhasa Lhasa government lineages Mahāyāna major meditation Milarepa monastery monastic gompa monks nature Nepal Norbu Nyingmapa Orientation pods political pollination practitioners prajñā premodern rain forest rebirth region reincarnate lama religious Rimed ritual role rulers Sakya Sakyapa samsāra seeds shamanic Sherpa siddhas Snellgrove species Sūtras Tantra Tantric Tantric deities Tantric practice teachings terma tertön texts Theobroma Theravadin Tibetan Buddhism Tibetan population Tibetan religion Tibetan societies tion tradition trapa tropical trulku Trungpa Tsongk'apa Vajrayāna village wild cacao yogic yogins