CHOCOLATE TREEThe Chocolate Tree chronicles the natural and cultural history of Theobroma cacao and explores its ecological niche. Tracing cacao's "journey" out of the rain forest, into pre-Columbian gardens, and then onto plantations adjacent to rain forests, Allen M. Young describes the production of this essential crop, explaining how the seeds are extracted from the large, colorful pods. He details the environmental price of Europeanized cultivation, and ways that current reclamation efforts for New World rain forests can improve the natural ecology of the cacao tree. Recounting more than a dozen years of ecological fieldwork in and around cacao plantations in Costa Rica, Young reviews his research into the problem of poor levels of natural pollination on plantations. He recalls encounters with sloths, toucans, butterflies, giant tarantula hawk wasps, and other creatures found in cacao groves. Among these creatures Young discovered a tiny fly that provides a vital link between the chocolate tree and its original rain forest habitat. This discovery leads him to conclude that cacao trees in cultivation today may have lost their original insect pollinators due to the plants' long history of agricultural manipulation. |
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Page 463
... Nyingmapa and Bönpo circles from the eleventh century onwards , and soon became very numerous . The close cooperation between some Nyingmapa and Bönpo lamas at these period seems to have declined in later centuries , although some east ...
... Nyingmapa and Bönpo circles from the eleventh century onwards , and soon became very numerous . The close cooperation between some Nyingmapa and Bönpo lamas at these period seems to have declined in later centuries , although some east ...
Page 516
... Nyingmapa tradition in relation to the other Buddhist traditions . There was no single coherent body of teachings such as was held in common by the Sakyapa , Gelugpa , or even the divergent branches of the Kagyüdpa tradition . The Nyingmapa ...
... Nyingmapa tradition in relation to the other Buddhist traditions . There was no single coherent body of teachings such as was held in common by the Sakyapa , Gelugpa , or even the divergent branches of the Kagyüdpa tradition . The Nyingmapa ...
Page 533
... NYINGMAPA REVIVAL AND THE RIMED MOVEMENT ( T8C ) Four of the six main centers of the Nyingmapa order in Tibet were founded between 1656 and 1685 ( Kat'og , Pelyul , Mindröl Ling , and Dzogch'en ) . Despite the destruction of Mindröl ...
... NYINGMAPA REVIVAL AND THE RIMED MOVEMENT ( T8C ) Four of the six main centers of the Nyingmapa order in Tibet were founded between 1656 and 1685 ( Kat'og , Pelyul , Mindröl Ling , and Dzogch'en ) . Despite the destruction of Mindröl ...
Contents
The Cultivation of Cacao Past and Present | 14 |
Cacao and Agriculture in Costa Rica | 48 |
Excursions into the Natural History of Cacao and Cacao Plantations | 80 |
Copyright | |
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13th Dalai Lama agricultural Amdo areas Avalokitesvara banana betan Bhutan Bön Bönpo Buddha Buddhist cacao flowers cacao plantations cacao trees celibate centers Central America central Tibet century ch'öpa Chapter Chinese chocolate clerical cocoa context Costa Rica cultivation cultural patterns Dalai Lama developed Dingri Dorjé Drugpa Dzogch'en early Ekvall Enlightenment gall midges Gelugpa Geshé gompa Guru Rimpoch'e Indian insects K'am Kagyüdpa Karma Karmapa Ladakh Lama's Lhasa Lhasa government lineages Mahāyāna major meditation Milarepa monastery monastic gompa monks nature Nepal Norbu Nyingmapa Orientation pods political pollination practitioners prajñā premodern rain forest rebirth region reincarnate lama religious Rimed ritual role rulers Sakya Sakyapa samsāra seeds shamanic Sherpa siddhas Snellgrove species Sūtras Tantra Tantric Tantric deities Tantric practice teachings terma tertön texts Theobroma Theravadin Tibetan Buddhism Tibetan population Tibetan religion Tibetan societies tion tradition trapa tropical trulku Trungpa Tsongk'apa Vajrayāna village wild cacao yogic yogins