cooperation of parents will create a harmonious situation out of which excellent team work may develop.

A school whose numbers are such as to permit a daily convocation, or at least a frequent one, has at its disposal a valuable and effective agency for assimilating the new students into the student body and the school and for letting these students know what their Alma Mater expects of them. At some meetings both young men and young women may be present; here large matters of student ethics and discussions of the various aspects of college life may be considered. At other meetings the dean of women and presidents of the more important girls' organizations may address the girls. In this way the larger ideals of the community, so far as women are concerned, may be emphasized.

Another way in which the scattered students of a non-dormitory school may be toucht and helpt is by a student council made up of the heads of the different organizations, meeting with the dean of women from four to six times a year for conference on student affairs. When the members of the council report to their organizations the net results of such meetings, nearly all of the women students have been reacht.

A larger measure of student self-government can be incorporated in the social life of the students by organizing them into communities and electing a representative from each group to constitute a council. Each community is made up of girls rooming in a specific area of the city-the numbers ranging from twenty to forty in each group. These individual groups meet for get-acquainted and social times, for consideration of all-campus projects and interests, and for discussion of social standards and regulations. The representatives from these communities will take the discussions and reports from the council meetings to their various groups, and thus again all the students are reacht.

When one considers the social life of the women students in the broader sense-in the sense of bringing to each young woman a vital consciousness of her membership in the different social groups with which her life is concerned, whether it be the family, the school, or the state-there the school has its most vital task. All the special organizations lend themselves to this task, and in their ranks is the social sense in its larger meaning developt.

The social functions for entertainment may be carried on jointly by social committees of each organization and a social committee of the faculty, of which the dean of women may well be chairman. The faculty committee formulates the general social policy of the school, while the students plan and work out the details of the functions.

At all times the social life of the students must be subordinated to the demands of the curriculum, it must be raised above the standard of the outside world, and it should always aim to produce better men and women. Any scheme which will aid in these purposes is worth trying.

This matter of lodging students outside of dormitories is regulated largely by the laws of supply and demand. The number of students to be cared for, the size and character of the city, and the school traditions enter so largely into the transaction that each school is a problem unto itself to be studied and solved in the light of its own conditions.

WHAT A PRESIDENT MAY RIGHTLY EXPECT FROM A DEAN OF WOMEN

GEORGE S. DICK, PRESIDENT, STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, KEARNEY, NEB. What a president may expect from a dean of women depends entirely upon whom the president has selected for this position-upon her natural and acquired qualifications. Since she is a human being, she can be expected to render service only in proportion to her natural and acquired ability. The position is one of the greatest importance, most inspiring and far-reaching when well filled, but one that may cause the greatest disturbance, friction, and may even be a menace to the best interests of the college if not well filled.

The real dean of women is just coming to be recognized for what she is able to do under fair surroundings and reasonable opportunity and support. No line of college service is rising more rapidly, advancing more steadily than is this, owing to the increasing number of well-prepared, devoted, inspiring women who have chosen this line, or who have been chosen for this almost sacred service.

Since the position is now establisht and universally recognized, and since the educated, trained, thoroly competent dean may be secured for the most difficult, most important of these places, a proportional rise is seen and will continue to be noted in the quality and effectiveness of influence rendered in this field of unlimited service-limited only by human devotion and endurance on one side and susceptibility of influence on the other.

As in every other line of work, not every person of proper age, weight, height, and dress can make a dean of women. She must be strong and well, with plenty of bone and muscle, and not too many nerves. Physical strength is necessary to endure the strain of perplexing daily problems that continue to rise for solution. She must have age sufficient for judgment and discretion, yet she must not be so old as to lack sympathy with young people or to forget that she too was once young and even susceptible to attention from proper young men. Perhaps it is well that she still be not entirely averse to helpful associations with men as well as with women.

She is expected to dress with becoming taste and judgment and to comply with sane manners and customs of the day. In all this, both in

and out of school, she must do, say, and be what she may wish our girls to do, say, and become.

Intellectually she must be the peer in study and training of any other member of the faculty. If she is to be a guide to young people in their college years, she herself must have traveled successfully this way that she may be a safe pilot and a wise counselor.

She must be ready to assist in the making of courses of study, be they in the physical, mental, moral, spiritual, social, or vocational field, suitable for young women. Not that she must be a specialist in each of these lines, but she should be familiar with good studentship with a proper balance of work and recreation, study and entertainment. She will not attempt to dictate courses of study, but will be heard in discussion of what may be too much or too little, suitable or unsuitable, for young women of college age with varying abilities. In order to render this service she must be a woman of broad, liberal education and have that rare experience of a thoro, successful classroom teacher.

In addition to the deep interest in the physical well-being of the student and the ability to assist in the guidance of the intellectual life, she is the natural guide, if not the real leader, in the social activities of the school. If the institution be coeducational, she becomes a real influence in the social life of the young men as well as that of the young women, as it is impossible and undesirable to separate the naturally mutual interests of all the suitable social activities of the one from those of the other.

In communities where it is necessary to house the young women in private homes, she knows conditions and regulates affairs much more easily and efficiently if she has full control of house inspection and the approval of assignment and change of location. Supported by faculty rules and regulations, she is enabled to control the conditions under which students. may live. In connection with this duty she prefers to have control of employment for young women who must earn a part or all of their support while in college.

We have said that the dean of women should be a successful teacher. Many go farther and say that she should continue to teach. If the school is large, it is better that she give time to the care of and personal interest in every girl than that she give so much time to knowing a few girls in some one department of a liberal-arts course. Her duties are too many and too arduous for her to be able to keep up with the development of a growing department and also be up to date in her special line. If she has time and ability to do it well, her line of teaching service should be that which would bring her into close association with a greater number of the young women thru lectures, conferences, study, and readings along lines of special interest and real help to women. It would seem that such study and help as this is of greater value and more vital and far-reaching in its influence than

what teaching she might be able to do in some one department, either as head or associate professor.

The president may reasonably expect complete and sympathetic cooperation in everything that may affect the general policy of the institution. As he stands ever ready to carry the heavy end, to do the difficult thing, to discharge the disagreeable duty in line of discipline, mild or severe, if need be, he reasonably expects a frank and clear understanding of policies that the dean may be endeavoring to establish or carry out. He should be consulted early, that the suggestions of the "ounce of prevention" may be considered before the "pound of cure" is necessary. Counsel is expected on means of management and control or of executing rules and regulations, and the dean must not be left to meet alone cases of serious or final discipline. Of untold value and usefulness is the nobility of real culture in the heart of a true woman, her genuineness of purpose, with a vision of what she may reasonably attempt to accomplish as she impresses upon the young lives of future women and men her own ideals of a life in the making in preparation for daily service to others. This is a part of what a president may expect from the right woman in a position of dean of women in a teachers' college or normal school.

WHAT THE DEAN MAY RIGHTLY EXPECT FROM THE

PRESIDENT

HELEN M. SMITH, DEAN OF WOMEN, WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY,

CLEVELAND, OHIO

The duties and responsibilities of deans are so diverse and the consequent needs so unlike that it is rather difficult to state just what a dean may rightly expect from her president. The dean of a separate college for women finds herself confronted with a multiplicity of problems of entrance credits, of curriculum, of student activities, and of executive and administrative action that may not trouble the dean of women of a coeducational institution; and the dean of a college in a coordinate educational system may be concerned with interrelations of colleges in the university that neither of the deans before mentioned realizes. On the other hand, the dean of a coeducational college is concerned with questions of social relationships that other deans may not know.

In all this diversity of needs, have deans any rights in common? I think they have.

With such a chance as this, one could not afford to miss the opportunity of making an ideal president and, doubtless, as he is created each dean may discover the likeness of her superior.

The president may have been wholly or partially responsible for putting the dean in her place. Because he is so busy he must needs delegate a number of responsibilities to her, and, once delegated, the dean has a right

to expect the president's confidence that she will perform her duties conscientiously and efficiently. If she is expected to judge the entrance certificates her judgment should be final. If her work includes the housing problem, she should be expected to make arrangements and decisions and to take the consequences that may result, without involving the president. And if certain questions of student discipline are supposed to be within her realm of decision, the students' appeal to the president should result in the return of the question to the dean. She may, and doubtless will, sometimes make mistakes-even as a president—but she has a right to expect that he will get his information about a question in point from her, and that he will confer with her as to the best way to proceed in the matter under discussion. If she is not given this confidence on the part of the president, and the consequent crippling of her authority results, the effect upon her and upon the college is unwholesome.

Again, if a large measure of confidence is given her she is encouraged to take a leading place in the question of women's education. In the everchanging ideas of what women need and should have in their education to keep pace with the increasingly varied and widened fields which they enter, the dean of women must be more and more alert and profound. She should rightly expect the president to allow her freedom in discussion of these problems and as much freedom in action in bringing about changes as the policy of the institution will allow.

It scarcely seems reasonable to expect it, but it helps over many rough places and often saves the situation and the people concerned if the president has a sense of humor. Even a spark of it is not to be scorned, and a greater amount of it is a god-send.

Perhaps it is not right to expect patience on the part of the president. It is, however, a quality that is often required of presidents as well as of deans. After years of service as the foremost college president in America, one president said that the most necessary quality in his office was patience.

The foregoing is meant to suggest that a sympathetic understanding of the dean, and the confidence that grows out of it, is her prime right from the president-confidence in her judgment, her integrity, and her ideals.

A second right that the dean may expect from the president is protection. If the dean has entire or partial charge of admissions and dismissals, of elections of courses, of scholarship, of curriculum, of schedule of student activities, and of student aid, and then has added to this, care for housing conditions, dormitory assignments, publicity work, vocational guidance, and a bureau of occupations, besides adjustment of relations between different parts of the university and her own social-academic relations, she is likely to become a jack of all trades and a master of none. And while one knows that the value of a dean is increast by the larger number of interests that she can understand and direct, there is nevertheless a limit to the powers of even the best of them, and the dean has a right