On his departure, the English gave him a knife, a bracelet, and a ring; and he promised to return soon and bring other natives with him, with such beaver skins as they could collect. Not many days after, being Sunday, Samoset returned with five tall savages, dressed in deer skins, their hair cut short before, but long to their shoulders behind, and ornamented with feathers and fox-tails, and the principal had a wild-cat's skin on one arm. Their faces were painted in various colors and figures. They left their bows and arrows at some distance from the settlement, according to the charge given by the English to Samoset. They made signs of amity and friendship, and amused the English with their dancing and singing, who in return gave them a suitable entertainment. They brought with them some corn, parched, and reduced to a fine powder, called Nokehike or Nocake which they eat mixed with water; and they had a little tobacco in a bag, of which they drank* frequently. They brought with them, also, all the tools belonging to the English, which had been taken when left in the woods. They offered a few skins to trade, but, being Sunday, the English dismissed them soon, desiring them to return with more skins, which they promised. But Samoset either was

sick, or feigned himself so, and would tarry till the next Wednesday, when the English gave him a hat, a pair of stockings and shoes, shirt, &c. and sent him to inquire why his friends did not return.

Thursday, April 2d.-Samoset arrived, bringing with him Squanto, alias Tisquantum, the only surviving native of Patuxet, who was one of the twenty captives carried away by the infamous Hunt; he had been in England, and could speak a little English. Three others came with him, and brought a few skins to "truck," and some red herrings, newly taken and dried, but not salted. They gave information, that their great Sagamore, Massasoit, was approaching, with Quadequina, his brother, and all their tribe, and, within an hour, the king appeared were rescued from slavery by the benevolent interposition of some of the Monks in Malaga. Squanto was probably one, who was thus relieved and liberated. He found a friend in Mr. Slaney in England, by whose assistance he was enabled to return to his native land, on board of Captain Thomas Dermer's vessel in 1619.

* The term drinking tobacco is frequently used in the records. In the year 1646, we find this entry in the Plymouth records. "Anthony Thacher and George Pole were chosen a committee to draw up an order concerning disorderly drinking tobacco." It undoubtedly means smoking tobacco. An aged man in this town who was a great smoker used to term it drinking tobacco.

on the top of an opposite hill, and had in his train sixty men, which he displayed to view. This hill is on the south side of Town brook, and is called Watson's hill, but the brook, which they forded, is now covered with an arched stone bridge. Both parties being unwilling to advance, Squanto went over to Massasoit, and returned with the message, that he desired peace and a trade with the English. The governor then sent Mr. Edward Winslow, with a pair of knives and a copper chain with a jewel in it, for the king, and for Quadequina, a knife and a jewel to hang in his ear, a pot of strong water, a quantity of biscuit, and some butter, all of which were well received. Mr. Winslow addressed Massasoit in the name of king James, assuring him, that the king saluted him with words of love and peace, and did accept of him as his friend and ally; and that the governor desired to see him, and confirm a trade and peace with him as his next neighbor. Massasoit was well pleased with the speech, and after eating and drinking, gave the remains to his people. He looked on Mr. Winslow's sword and armor with a desire to buy them, but he refused to gratify him. Massasoit now left Mr. Winslow in the custody of Quadequina, his brother, and came over the brook with twenty men, leaving all their bows and arrows behind them. Captain Standish and Mr. Williamson, with six musketeers, met the king at the brook, and each party saluted the other, when the king was conducted to a house then partly built, where were placed a green rug and three or four cushions. Governor Carver now appeared with a drum and trumpet, and a few musketeers. After salutations, the governor kissed the king's hand, who, in return, kissed him, and they seated themselves; but the king all the time trembled for fear. The governor called for some strong water and drank to him, and he drank a copious draught, which made him sweat a long time after. Massasoit and his people having partaken of some fresh meat, the following terms of peace were mutually agreed to.

1. That neither he, nor any of his, should injure, or do hurt, to any of the English.

2. If any of his did hurt to any of ours, he should send the offender, that we might punish him.

3. That if any of our tools were taken away, when our people were at work, he should cause them to be restored, and if ours did harm to any of his, we should do the like to them. 4. If any did unjustly war against him, we would aid him; if any did war against us, he should aid us.

5. He should send to his neighboring confederates, to certify

them of this, that they might not wrong us, but might be likewise comprised in the conditions of peace.

6. That when their men came, they should leave their bows and arrows behind them, as we should do our pieces when we went to them.

Lastly, that doing thus, king James would esteem him as his friend and ally.* The above treaty was pleasing to the Sachem and approved by his people. In his person, the king was a lusty, able-bodied man, and in his countenance, grave. His attire differed little from that of his people, except a great chain of beads of white bone about his neck. His face was painted with a dull, red-like murry, and oiled, both head and face, so that he looked greasily.' He had in his bosom, hanging in a string, a large, long knife; he marvelled much at the trumpet, and made some attempts to sound it. All his followers were painted of divers colors, some were clothed with skins, and some were naked. Samoset and Squanto tarried all night with the English; and the king and his people, with their wives and children, spent the night in the adjacent woods. They said that within eight or nine days, they would come and set corn on the other side of the brook, and dwell there all summer. That night the English kept a good watch, but no danger occurred, and the next morning several of the savages visited the English, with the hope, as supposed, of obtaining some food. Some of them said the king wished some of the English to come and see him. Captain Standish and Isaac Allerton went venturously, and were welcomed, and presented with three or four ground-nuts and some tobacco. Massasoit, being at war with a potent adversary, the Narra gansets, manifested every disposition to be at peace and friend

* The New Plymouth associates, by the favor of the Almighty, began the colony in New England, at a place called by the natives, Apaum, alias Patuxet; all the lands being void of inhabitants, we, the said John Carver, William Bradford, Edward Winslow, William Brewster, Isaac Allerton, and the rest of our associates, entering into a league of peace with Massasoit, since called Woosamequin, Prince or Sachem of those parts: he, the said Massasoit, freely gave them all the lands adjacent to them, and their heirs forever.' ['Preface to Plymouth laws, declaring the warrantable grounds and proceeding of the government of New Plymouth."]-Holmes's Annals.

This treaty, the work of one day, being honestly intended on both sides, was kept with fidelity as long as Massasoit lived, but was afterwards (in 1675) broken by Philip, his successor.'-Belknap's Biography. The character of Massasoit will be found in the appendix.

ship with the English, whose fire-arms were a great terror to his enemies.

At a meeting in April on common business, Mr. Carver was confirmed in the office of governor for one year.

The Mayflower was detained a considerable time, in consequence of sickness and deaths among the seamen, more than one half of their number having died during the winter, and Mr. Jones, the master, was unwilling to commence his return voyage until the survivors had recovered their health. He sailed on the 5th of April, and arrived in England on the 6th of May. Not one of the settlers expressed a desire to return to their native country, but all remained true to the pledge to their brethren whom they left in Leyden, and made every possible exertion to prepare comfortable accommodations for their reception.

The first offence committed and punished since the arrival of the colonists, was by John Billington, who shipped on board the Mayflower at London, and was not of the company. was charged with contempt of the captain's lawful commands, and of opprobious speeches. He was tried by the whole company, and sentenced to have his neck and heels tied together; but, on humbling himself and craving pardon, and it being his first offence, he was released from his painful situation before the time had expired. In the spring of this year, the colonists planted 20 acres with Indian corn, being the first planted in New England, of which they had a good crop. They were iustructed in the manner of planting by Squanto, but were unsuccessful in their first trial with English grain, by reason, as is supposed, of the lateness of the season, and bad quality of the seed.

On the fifth of April this year, Governor Carver was taken sick in the field while engaged in planting, and died in a few days. His death was extremely afflictive, and he was universally lamented. He was one of their wisest counsellors, and most indefatigable laborers. His remains were consigned to the earth, with all the affectionate solemnity which circumstances, at the time, would permit, and with the discharge of all their fire-arms. Many able pens have been employed in portraying his character. According to Dr. Belknap, 'he was a man of great prudence, integrity, and firmness of mind. He had a good estate in England, which he spent in the migration to Holland and America. He was one of the foremost in action, and bore a large share of suffering in the service of the colony, who confided in him as its friend and father. Piety, humility, and benevolence were eminent traits in his character,

and it is particularly remembered, that in the time of general sickness, which befel the colony, and with which he was affected, after he had himself recovered, he was assiduous in attending the sick and performing the most humiliating services for them, without any distinction of persons or characters.'His affectionate wife, overwhelmed with grief and sorrow, survived but six weeks after his death. He sustained the office of governor four months and twenty-four days only. His posterity have been very numerous. 'One of his grandsons lived to the age of one hundred and two years, and about the middle of the last century, (1775) that descendant, with his son, grandson, and great grandson, were all at the same time at work in the same field, whilst an infant of the fifth generation was within the house at Marshfield.'-Belknap's Amer. Biog. At the death of governor Carver, the whole number of deaths was as follows:

December, 6; January, 8; February, 17; March, 13. Of this number were 21 of the subscribers to the civil compact, and in April governor Carver was added to that number. The whole number of survivors at this time was 55. Mr. William Bradford, while yet a convalescent from dangerous sickness, was chosen governor of Plymouth, as successor to governor Carver, and Mr. Isaac Allerton was chosen his assistant.

On the eighteenth of June, two culprits were arraigned before the company for trial. These were, Edward Dotey and Edward Leister, servants of Stephen Hopkins, who had fought a duel with sword and dagger, in which both were wounded. They were sentenced to have their head and feet tied together, and to remain in that situation for twenty-four hours, without food or drink. Even this slight punishment for an offence so criminal was remitted by the governor, after one hour's endurance, in consequence of their pleadings and promises, and the earnest desire of their master.

A Journey to Pokanoket; forty miles. This place was otherwise called Sowams. It was deemed advisable to send a friendly deputation to Massasoit, in order to ascertain the exact place of his residence, and his strength and disposition, and to cultivate and perpetuate a league of peace and amity between the two parties, and to procure corn for seed. For this purpose, the governor made choice of Edward Winslow and Stephen Hopkins, to be accompanied by Squanto, as guide and interpreter. The deputies commenced their journey on the second or third day of July, taking a horseman's coat of red cotton, laced with slight lace as a present to the chief, and reached Namasket, a part of Middleborough, fifteen miles dis