A.-W. J. Andrews 22, 49, 88, 163, 187, 224, 225, 260, 297, 310, 333, 369, 407, H. Alley 51, 64, 87, 119, 201, 238, 266, 271, 304, 305, 308, 349, 415, 421, J. Anderson 51, R. M. Argo 65, 199, 272, 307, 343, N. P. Allen 69, 58, 195, 209, 410, J. L. Anderson, 126, 276, 336, H. J. Alvis 160, A. C. Attwood 235, R. Arnold 261, J. Atkinson 276, L. C. Axtell 335, R. M. Anderson 336, W. H. Andrews 341, A Beginner 418, M. Adams 419.

B.-H. Bird 15, R. S. Becktell 30, S. S. Butler 30, 51, H. A. Burch 31, 56, 66, 120, 185, 276, 340, J. M. Bennett 48, M. M. Baldridge 49, 121, 130, Dr. J. P. H. Brown 50, 136, J. W. Bittenbender 51, W. S. Boyd, 51, F. Benton 57, 133, 140, 177, 225, 277, 298, 405, T. F. Bingham 62, 85, 123, 206, 220, 235, W. S. Barclay 91, J. Billings 98, W. Bence 102, Barker & Dicer 122, R. Bacon 135, 301, O. Brumfield 156, O. M. Brown 156, Jos Brown 158, 161, J. Barfoot 159, C. S. B. 161, Mrs. A. Bracket 161, L. C. Bornman 162, W. J. Beal 173, A. Benedict 190, 239, Mrs. L. B. Baker 194, Mrs. M. A. Bills 197, P. Bossert 204, D. Bartgis 207, J. M. Brooks 219, 259, J. Best 220, W. G. Bailey 240, R. E. Bush 278, J. D. Bedell 297, O. F. Bledsoe 334, H. L. Brush 351, N, N. Betsinger 382. Dr. Botts 411, E. R. Billings 414, W. B. Burgett 419, A. A. Baldwin 420, E. B. Barker 422, H. B. 422.

C.-W. F. Clark 11, 13, 46, W. Christ 16, A. Chapman 16, A. J. Cook 18, 67, 92, 96, 101, 168, 189, 221, 278,300, 315, 371, N. Cameron 20, 165, 200, J. V. Caldwell 23, 203, W. H. Conklin 47, R. C. Cameron 47, D. Clifton 51, J. T. Connley 52, 126, C. R. Clough 53, 242, J. M. Camp 53, J. S. Coe 57, 101, 158, 310, P. P. Collier 67, 68, 101, 302, 317, O. Clute 97, 227, 304, M. M. Callen 102, J. H. Christie 121, F. P. Clark 123, R. L. Curry 125, F. W. Chapman 155, 201, S. Corneil 155, Crowfoot Bros. 159, E. Culver 162, W. Cam 162, 241, 314, A. B. Cheney 166, 173, 329, H. Christ 202, O. E. Clark 207, F. Claussen 240, John Crowfoot 276, J. Z. Carr 278, W. E. Connett 301, A. U. Crosby 315, G. W. Church 333, R. A. Calvin 350, O. Courtney 350, I. M. Camp 420.

E. Cori 406,

D.-G. M. Doolittle 14, 347, 364, 370, 417, 422, J. L. Davis 14, 63, 64, F. R. Davis 15, M. D. DuBois 16, Dr. Dzierzon 23, 223, C. Dadant 24, 25, 27, 84, 96, 106, 157, 164, 203, 231, 233, 239, 269, 305, 308, 350, 409, P. Dunken 51, 207, J. Divekey 52, Mrs. J. W. Dick 53, L. J. Diehl 120, 131, J. Davis 134, R. Dart 159, J. W. Dodson 159, S. C. Dodge 176, 333, 376, 408, D. M. D. 242, son 268, W. Dyer 275, 277.

125, J. Joslin 189, J. W. Johnson 300, E. M. Johnson 300, J. A. Johnson 301.

K.-W. H. Kirk 15, 259, W. M. Kellogg 34, 53, 122, 123, 233, A. C. Kerman 92, W. Kitson 126, D. Keplar 126, C. Kellar 135, J. E. Kearns 157, J.J. Kiser 161, R. F. Kedzie 172, W. P. Kellogg 176, J. H. Kelley 189, Keyer & Finn 260, F. Krueger 267, 275, H. G. King 302, E. B. Kendall 312, J. H. Kennedy 410.

L.-B. Lunderer 28, 229, W. W. Lynch 30, Dr. F. Lashier 47, G. J. Longfellow 126, Lover of Italians 130, M. E. Loehr 155, H. W. Lee 160, Cyula Linswik 170, L. M. Land 205, D. P. Lane 205, F. Ludwig 209, L. Lindsly 240, J. F. Lynn 241, L. M. Lindley 242, 356. T. D. W. O. Langdon 272, S. M. Locke 309, 348, 385, Leonard 335, C. H. Leittgens 418. C. A. Luce 421, H. L. Lankton, 422, S. S. Lyday 422.

M.

M.-C. F. Muth 13, 59, 88, 124, 196, 240, 258, 275, Mahin 15, 17, 99, 163, 165, 204, 337, P. Miller 15, 30, 90, R. R. Murphy 16, 159, 185, 188, 202, 240, 301, 419, J. W. McNeil 21, 125, 159, 163, F. M. Moody 48, C. Miller 53, W. M. 53, W. K. Marshall 53, J. P. Moore 60, 418, R. Mayerhoffer 69, M. 88, 176, J. F. Montgomery 90, G. H. Mackay 100, W. Moorhouse 123, J. Mury 124, J. H. Martin 125, 204, 275, 309, 343, E. G. Martin 126, A. B. Mason 126, 419, S. K. Marsh 128, 337, J. M. Marvin 130, O. E. Mead 157, T. G. McGaw 161, 208, C. R. Menz, 18), R. Miller 190, 206, T. C. Millett 198, A. J. Mackay 204, J. I. Martin 205, W. McCartney 206, D. S. McCallum 206, R. Montgomery 206, J. McCook 224, S. Marshall 241, W. L. Moores 261, A. F. Moon 262, 316, G. F. Merriam 263, 276, C. McDermot 300, W. II. Meadow 333, T. Moran 335, C. McCrocken 335, M. Metcalf 381, J. N. McColm 413, F. McDonnell 418, T. M. Moore 419, W. Martin 422.

N.-Novice 14, 293, 294, J. H. Nellis 69, 103, 132, 275, 300, A. Neighbour 85, D. P. Niven 161, 204, Miss L. J. Noble 204, M. A. Newcomb 301, A Novice 416.

A. J. DavidDunham 301,

M. Deunler N. B. DeVol 336, J. B.

J. A. Dirwanger 301, W. J. Davis 302,
314, Mrs. M. Dunbar 334,
Dines 422.

E.-J. Emmons 51, 162, 204, 240, J. Edmonds 101, W. P. Evritt 102, 135, 161, 421, P. H. Elwood 160, H. D. Edwards 205, 351, E. S. Edwards 240.

F.-C. Follett 48, R. Forsyth 51, J. B. Ficklen 52, J. F. Flory 52, 156, 275, 301, B. Franklin 102, 209, C. J. Fox 137, 264, S. S. Fetherolf 335. J. Fox 416.

G.-C. Grimm 19, 418, W. H. Garihan 51, F. M. Glasgow 53, 422, J. W. Guthrie 53, C. F. Greening 63, 240, 278, 300, J. G. 83, J. W. Greene 100, 240, 267, G. L. Gast 100, A. P. Green 123, LeRoy Gates 123, R. P. G. 158, D. Grabble 162, J. M. Good 189, C. Griebeling 205, C. E. Gaylord 207, J. R. Gossage 221, J. M. Gillis 241, J. Greene 242, W. H. Green 261, C. A. Ging 279, J. L. Grey 279. K. Graysen 25, C.J. H. Gravenhorst 300, 336, 348, M. G. Grigsby 315, C. A. Graves 335, J. M. Glenn 341, P. H. Gibbs 413, J. T. Gray 420.

H.-J. E. Hetherington 14, 377, J. Huestis 14, O. Halbleib 15, 52, 420, A. J. Haney 16, J. Hazen 17, J. Heddon 26, 54, 94, 140, 194, 199, 232, 268, 303, 338, 417, S. Humfield 47, 162, Mrs. W. Harris, 51, J. Harmon 53, 157,300. H. Hamilton 68,345, D. E. Haynie 83,301, J. P. Howard 84, J. F. Hershey 100, H. S. Harrison 100, 101, C. M. Halbleib 101, H. G. Hendricks 102, A. H. Hart 120, 206, H. Haines 122, 162, 176. 136, 202, 208, 271, 274, 304, 313, 314, 419, E. Hershey 126, N. H. Holman 126, 301, D. P. Hartford 155, W. P. Hogarty 156, H. S. Heath 160, J. Harper 162, W. W. Hipolite 162, 207, L. Hitchcock 185, W. P. Henderson 197, 230, 264, J. E. Hunter 204, J. W. Howell 205, E. J. Hill, 205, A. S. Haskin 206, Mrs. D. M. Hall 208, H. H. Howard 220, J. T. Hobbs 234, J. H. Hodgkins 240, H. 276, J. M. Hicks 277, H. Hernard 279, G. T. Horning 302, J. W. Howell 302, C. Hotchkiss, 313, 342, T. G. Harvey 331, C. B. Heston 335, N. T. Horton 336, J. F. Henderson 351, W. M. Hoge 374, J. H. Hasbrouck 383, J. W. Henderson 418.

I.-G. Ilisch 159, 298, I. Ingmundson 161, 204. J.-R. Jones 15, M. Johnson 53, Justitia 99, C. M. Joslin 100, G. W. Jenkins 121, 157, J. H. Jones

Dr. E.

R.-J. E. Ritchie 23, 27, 414, W. H. Rafferty 48, J. Rooker 54, 314, W. B. Rush 124, 131, 133, 237, 277, 425, H. W. Roop 125, 276, H. B. Rolfe 129, 157. A. I. Root 156, 222, H. M. Roop 162, 418, L. M. Roberts 189, 206, A Reader 203, W. Muth-Rassmussen 242, A. J. Richardson 261, J. L. Richardson 302, L. C. Root 402, 420, E. Rood 413. 419, A. M. Rhodes 420.

S.-J. M. Stephenson 14, W. Stump 52, 101, A. Salisbury 59, 204, 234, C. Sonne 65, F. Searles 126, 241, C. W. Stokes 126, J. O. Shearman 129, Scott & Bramblett 156. O. P. Storm 158, Anna Saunders 159. 206, 273, 298, I. Sharp 159, 241, 335, A. Simons 162, H. S. See 162, F. Schletzbaum 162, J. L. Smith 206, L. Sutliff 208, 311. J. Stoddard 221, 300, A. W. Smith 230, W. T. Sears 231, Subscriber 242, 278, 315, 422, F. M. ley 301.

Stockton 251, A. J. Simonds 277, G. W. Stanley
W. S. Slocum 342, Southard & Ranney, 348,
W.
Shearer 379, S. W. Stevens 419, G. C. Soden 420, W.
H. Sedgwick 421.

T.-A. Tefft 48,

Mrs. E. Truman 51, H. N. Tennant 107, E. J. Thomrs 121, J. Tomlinson 123, 192, S. P. T. 123, G. Thompson 127, M. D. T. 158, L. L. Triem 162, H. Templeton 186, J. H. Townley 23, G. H. Teague 329, F. B. Thurber 376.

V.-D. Videto 52, J. V. 83, S. L. Vail 123, G. A. Van Horn 123, C. C. VanDeusen 204, P. L. Viallon 335.

W.-C. Weeks 15, R. Wilkin 16, 52, 156, 190, S. G. Wick 21, 96, E. Wellington 35, 130, A. P. Wyman 48, J. A. Waterhouse 51, 275, G. H. Wright 120, P. Wilde 121, W. G. Walton 121, 128, 153, A. Wright 125, W. F. Williams 141, N. D. West 160, D. Wurth 162, W. H. Ware 187. A. T. Wright 204, J. Winfield 205, H. F. Walton 206, J. H. Washburn 240, G. B. Wallace 240, J. Wemmer 242, A. W. Windhorst 275. H. C. White 36. J. C. Williamson 336, M. Wright 340, W.. Williamson 415.

Y.-B. P. Yeomans 240.

Dr.

Z.-G. W. Zimmerman 275.

VOL. XIII.

The Wisdom of the Past.

Resuming our notice of the old bee book to which a brief article was devoted in the November number, we propose to specify a few things in regard to which the intelligent bec-keeper was apparently as well posted in 1814, as he is in this Centennial year 1876. Taking the order of topics as pursued by our author, we come first to

STINGING.

Mr. Keyes insists as we do now, that bees are not little winged devils going about seeking whom they may sting; that their habit is to mind their own business; that they seldom sting unless provoked or injured; that they have a special dislike of some people; that their venom is more potent at some times than at others; that patience, quiet movements, retreat, thrusting the head among bushes, and the like, are the best precautions. If they are excited, he advises, "let water be thrown among them, or blow them forth with a bellows." We thought the use of smoke as a means of quieting bees a modern invention, but here it is in print more than sixty years ago :-"The smoke of damp straw or rags will drive them away soon."

In regard to remedies for stinging, our author says, "I have generally experienced my own saliva (spittle) to be more beneficial than pompous chemicals or galenicals." Various remedies commonly resorted to now-a-days are mentioned in this old bee-book.

WEARING A BEE-DRESS.

There is nothing particularly different from the modern styles of bee-dress in the attire described by Mr. Keyes, but painful experience constrains us to commend the wisdom of the following "rule:"

"To put on the bee-dress whenever an operation is to be performed; for although |

No. 1.

not always necessary, yet it will be prudent to be prepared against the worst, especially for the inexperienced. For a foot may slip, or an accident happen, that no hunian foresight could be apprised of."

We have not found that our observation sustains the following bit of advice however:-"Great care should be taken after the dress is off, of coming near the bees, as they will be eager to sting for three or four days, though the person be at a considerable distance."

ON THE APIARY.

This is sound:-"The properest situation for an apiary is one exposed to the wind as little as possible: it being detrimental, and proving often fatal to numbers of bees by blowing them down, or into the water, or overturning the hives." This also is good:-"It is very wrong to place hives on benches, which is always the source of mistakes, quarrels, and often slaughter, by their interference with one another. A still worse contrivance, is that of little cots or sheds, with shelves therein, one above another, affording a harbor for their enemies, and very inconvenient for their management generally. The arrangement I would recommend, is that of SEPARATE STANDS FOR EACH HIVE," Mr. Keyes advises that these stands be built "sixteen inches above the earth,”— we should say "six" omitting the "teen."

The necessity of water being kept in the vicinage of an apiary was well understood: "put it," says Keyes, "in a broad dish, covered with small stones or duckweed, to assist the bees in drinking, without wetting their wings, or getting drowned."

HIVES.

Mr. Keyes describes and illustrates with old-fashioned wood-cuts both straw and board hives, the latter looking externally very much like a common Langstroth hive. His directions for making straw hives are admirable. It is remarkable

that the germ of the modern movableframe appears in this old book, only the frame was a fixture. His straw hives even, were provided with "wooden tops' made with a "board the width of the hive, half an inch thick, free from knobs." Seven spaces or openings were cut in this board, half an inch wide. If preferred, "a cheaper top may be made of narrow slips of wood, which I name BARS, six in number designed to be laid across the top of the hive, at half an inch distance from each other; the outermost bars to be one inch and a quarter wide, and the others one inch and a half." Our author says that some hive-makers complained of difficulty in making hives of the sort prescribed by him, but without grounds. The person employed by him, after a little practice, could make them as expeditiously and easily as those of the common sort. His ideas about hives were eminently simple and practical, no "fancy fixings" of any kind being employed.

LARGE STOCKS.

Our author believed in putting two and even three stocks together for the purpose of obtaining a larger proportionate yield of honey than could be got from single stocks. This method he called "storifying," i. e. making two or three stories, by placing one or two hives above! a lower one. His hives were so made as to admit of this. Our friend, Hosmer of Minnesota, can hardly advance an idea on this subject which Keyes had not ventilated more than half a century ahead of him. Indeed, we half suspect Hosmer of having obtained old Keyes' book somewhere on the sly, and kept all its wisdom in his own head, dealing it out in very few words, at Conventions, as original. We are confirmed in our suspicions by finding that old Keyes considers "a quart" of bees about enough to winter in a single hive. Hosmer has been supposed to hold a kind of patent on the "quart" theory, but here it is as far back as 1814.

"SALVATION OF BEES."

both old and young." He pleads for the "salvation of bees" as the more profitable plan, going at great length into the argument, giving facts and figures, a la Jasper Hazen, and concludes a full chapter on the subject by saying:-"The old practice of suffocation, must be condemned as impolitic, and highly disadvantageous; for they must be very weak who pursue a plan of conduct of small profit, when a better is offered of double or treble advantage. The italics are his own.

COMB VERSUS LIQUID HONEY.

Though the extractor was unknown in those days, the honey market was injured then as now by the impure honey that found its way into it. Hence the following most respectful advice:-"With submission I would recommend to the nobility and gentry to purchase none but combs of honey, to be drained at home. Sophistications and impurities would then be avoided, and such combs might be selected as are fine. or according to their own fancy. Were this condition insisted upon, the markets would soon abound with combs of honey instead of pots. The introduction of such a custom must depend on the patronage of the gentry."

MISCELLANEOUS.

Mr. Keyes was alive to the advantage of feeding bees in Spring even though they still had stores. He says, "It enliv ens and strengthens them, and stimulates their activity, causing them to breed the earlier." He is very sensible on the discases of bees, giving the cause and cure of dysentery about as correctly as Novice or any other high, modern authority could do. He well says:-"The failure of stocks has in most countries been attributed to witchcraft, or other superstitious notions, instead of attributing them to their true cause, -badness of weather, or rather their owner's neglect or want of skill." The chapters on hiving, driving, artificial swarming, deprivation, and the monthly calender of operations, indicate an amount of practical knowledge and skill, we were not prepared to find in a bee-keeper of more than half a century ago.

Lovers of the new and original, will doubtless be ready to say, "enough of this old bee-book, let us have something of to-day." All right. But however