1 None offered or anticipated. 2 Offered by local interests. None offered, but anticipated contribution by town, county, and State. Wilson, N. Y Oak Orchard, N. Y. on the Port Ontario, N. Y. $170, 700 North (Sandy) Pond, N. Y. Lake Ontario Annual carrying charges are given in H. Doc. No. 679, 76th Cong., 3d sess. Anticipated contribution by town, county, and State. None offered or anticipated. DIFFICULTIES ATTENDING NAVIGATION LAKE SUPERIOR 60. The difficulties encountered by light-draft vessels on Lake Superior are due primarily to severe storms and squalls that arise without much warning. During the spring and fall, Lake Superior is subjected to numerous storms as the result of strong prevailing winds from the northeast and northwest. Most of these storms make navigation of the long stretches of harborless shore exceptionally dangerous to small craft. The perils to navigation during the summer months are frequent heavy fogs and squalls, the latter occurring almost invariably in connection with thunderstorms. The area most susceptible to fog is that east of Keweenaw Point and north of Au Sable Point, an area coincident with that of low-water temperatures. Local magnetic attraction, or disturbance of the compass needle, is more prevalent on Lake Superior than on the other Great Lakes. It is strongest along the north shore, where it reaches a maximum of 18° in the vicinity of Knife River. The tendency of this disturbance is to draw west-bound vessels in toward the north shore. In addition to the problem of local magnetic attraction, the directive force of the earth's magnetism is comparatively weak in this region and tends to produce sluggishness of the compass needle. These conditions, combined with the relatively great distances between shelter, have discouraged to a great extent the development and expansion of lightdraft-vessel navigation on Lake Superior. There are six stretches of coast line on the lake having a distance between shelter of 44 miles or more. The specific difficulties attending navigation in these relatively long stretches of coast line are given in appendix I.5 61. The following tabulation shows the present distances between natural or artificial harbors of refuge: Knife River Harbor, located in this reach, has been recommended for improvement in H. Doc. No. 686, 77th Cong., 2d sess. The distances marked with an asterisk cannot be traversed by a small Vessel during even moderate storm conditions, with any reasonable degree of safety. If these six stretches of coast line were provided with properly spaced refuge harbors, navigation on Lake Superior would be relatively safe for the majority of the light-draft vessels based on the Great Lakes. The text of this appendix is not printed. 62. The following tabulation shows the present distances between natural or artificial harbors of refuge from the mainland to Isle Royale and on Isle Royale: Lake Michigan: Isle Royale harbors: St. Ignace to Port Inland.. To Grace and Washington Harbors.. Chippewa Harbor.. Grace and Washington Harbors.. ---.do LAKE MICHIGAN do. McCargoe Cove.. Point Detour to Jackson Harbor. Racine to Kenosha.. Kenosha to Waukegan Waukegan to Great Lakes (naval training station). Montrose Harbor to Belmont Harbor.. Distance 63. Difficulties encountered by light-draft vessels navigating on Lake Michigan are due primarily to severe storms and squalls that arise quickly and without much warning. While the most severe storms generally come from the north and northeast, severe winds and squalls may come from any direction. In general, some risks to life and vessels are involved when cruising light-draft craft must seek refuge more distant than 15 miles after the onset of a storm. 64. The following tabulation shows the distances between points where at least partial shelter is afforded: 9 |