and special lexica has been published in the Teubner series by H. Schöne.1 Hellenistic students and classical are alike interested in an etymological dictionary constructed on modern lines, such as Boisacq's 2 promises to be. Our hopes were raised some months since by the announcement of a lexicon of New Testament and early patristic Greek from the pen of E. Preuschen, the editor of the well-known "ZNTW." Pending the appearance of Deissmann's new lexicon-which the author hopes may be in the press, in German and English, within the next two or three years-New Testament students have no dictionary but the excellent Grimm-Thayer, which is now seriously antiquated; and the smaller hand-lexicon by so competent a scholar as Preuschen seemed likely to fill a gap. Unfortunately the first part3 has not had a very warm reception, and it is not probable that it will be translated. It is not only New Testament students who are calling for a dictionary students of Hellenistic Greek in general, both literary and colloquial, are in dire need of a lexicon which may bridge the gulf between Liddell and Scott and E. A. Sophocles. The lexicon of patristic Greek, now preparing under the experienced editorship of Dr H. A. Redpath, will be a great help when it comes. Foremost among lexical studies of this year stands Adolf Deissmann's Licht vom Osten. This fine volume (which expands and multiplies the material sketched in the author's little English book, New Lights on the New Testament, noticed here last year) describes

1 Repertorium Griech. Wörterverzeichnisse u. Speziallexika, by H. S. (Teubner, 1907).

2 Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue grecque, by E. Boisacq. Two parts published [a—dańp] (Heidelberg and Paris, 1907).

3 Töpelmann, 1908.

Since this was written, the editor's place has been unhappily vacated by the death of one of the most accurate and laborious of English scholars. I do not know who is to take for this lexicon the place that Dr Redpath took for the great Septuagint Concordance, when Hatch was so early taken away.

5 J. C. B. Mohr, 1908. (See a detailed account of the book in Expository Times for October 1908.)

the whole field with which Deissmann's name is associated as a pioneer. It gives a large amount of new lexical matter; and it shows in a most interesting and often brilliant fashion how modern discoveries of inscriptions, papyri, and ostraka reveal to us the milieu of primitive Christian propaganda. Perhaps I may further mention the specimen collections of papyrus and inscriptional illustrations to the New Testament which have been published, as an earnest of a projected volume, by Dr George Milligan and myself.1 Dr Milligan's edition of Thessalonians 2 has shown beyond any commentary yet published how richly the vocabulary of New Testament writings can be illustrated from our new sources.

In Hellenistic grammar the most outstanding work of the year has been Helbing's Grammar of the Septuagint.3 Like Mayser's great work, noted last year, this leaves us asking for more, as the syntax is not yet reached; but within its limits the book is admirable and very compact. Both these works have occasioned reviews by the great specialist, Albert Thumb, who makes them an opportunity for bringing out a mass of material that is highly illuminating. The Archiv für Papyrus-forschung, in which one of these reviews appears, remains the indispensable companion of every student of the Κοινή. No collection of papyri can be regarded as complete until the appearance of Ulrich Wilcken's article, correcting the readings and filling in gaps with an unrivalled faculty of divination.

One or two miscellaneous works may be mentioned in closing. An excellent sketch of the literature of the subject, and of the present position of research, is found in Deissmann's four Cambridge lectures, reprinted as The Philology of the Greek Bible. Modern methods are well followed by Mr R. R. Ottley in his edition of the Greek Isaiah, with full

1 "Lexical Notes from the Papyri," in Expositor, January to March, and from July onwards, 1908. 2 Macmillan, 1907.

3 Part i., Laut-und Wortlehre, Göttingen, 1907.

See, for Mayser, Archiv iv. 487-95; for Helbing, Wochenscrift f. kl. Philologie, 1908, pp. 899-904.

6 Hodder & Stoughton, 1908.

and careful notes. Nor should we pass by C. F. G. Henrici's little book on the literary character of the New Testament writings. From among the mass of pamphlet literature we may select Psichari's Essai sur le grec de la Septante, and Wackernagel's Hellenistica. For other notes bringing the subject up to date, I may refer to the new edition of my Prolegomena

JAMES HOPE MOULTON.

1 Cambridge University Press, 2 vols., 1904, 1906.

2 Leipzig, 1908.

3 From Revue des Études juives, April 1908. (Also obtainable separately.)

* Göttingen, 1907.

Grammar of New Testament Greek, vol. i. 3rd edition, 1908.

XVIII

NEW TESTAMENT

LAST year I began my survey with a reference to the completion of J. Weiss's popular Commentary on the New Testament. I ought to have mentioned at the same time the Handbuch zum Neuen Testament1 edited by Hans Lietzmann. The plan of the work is one of singular interest. It embraces a commentary (including a translation) on all the New Testament writings. A special feature is the attention paid to illustrations in language and thought from contemporary literature, both Jewish and pagan. The language is also frequently illustrated from the papyri, a small selection of which the editor has himself previously published in the series of Kleine Texte edited by him. In addition to the commentary, there is a practical exposition of the New Testament writings by Niebergall. This meets a desire which has often been expressed by those who feel difficulty in turning the modern study of Scripture to practical account. The most significant feature, however, is that there is a definite attempt made to set the New Testament in the life and thought of the time. Wendland contributes an important discussion of the Graeco-Roman culture in their relations to Judaism and Christianity. A Grammar of New Testament Greek, from the pen of Radermacher, completes the work. This year has also seen the completion of Dr Hastings' important Dictionary of Christ and the Gospels. The first volume of his Dictionary of Religion and Ethics, a very

1 Tübingen, Verlag von J. C. B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck).

2 Edinburgh, T. & T. Clark, 1908.

comprehensive work, which, of course, embraces much more than the New Testament, is expected almost immediately, and a large English work based on Herzog-Hauck's comprehensive Realencyclopädie für Protestantische Theologie und Kirche, is announced. A useful series of popular little books on the Bible has just begun to appear under the title of Century Bible Handbooks. So far, five volumes have been issued.1

There is comparatively little to mention in New Testament Introduction. A rather small conservative work has been issued by Barth.2 Leipoldt's History of the Canon 3 is now completed, and Gregory's long-expected work on the Canon and Text has also been published. The book is somewhat of a disappointment. It is very popular in character, and for an account of much important research in Textual Criticism since the time of Westcott and Hort, we should look in vain. Much work of outstanding importance has been devoted to the Synoptic problem. B. Weiss has set the crown on his earlier works by a contribution to the Texte und Untersuchungen dealing with the sources of the Synoptic tradition, a characteristically thorough piece of work containing also an attempt to restore the second source of the First and Third Gospels, commonly known as Q, and Luke's special source. Loisy has published a very large commentary,* including a translation and introduction. The literary and historical problems are handled from the point of view familiar to readers of his other works, especially his com

1 Life and Teaching of Jesus Christ, by W. B. Selbie; The Apocryphal Books, by H. T. Andrews; Man, Sin, and Salvation, by R. S. Franks; The Early Church, by R. F. Horton; The Religion of Israel, by A. S. Peake. London and Edinburgh, T. C. & E. C. Jack, 1908.

2 Einleitung in das Neue Testament; Gütersloh.

3 Der Neutestamentliche Kanon im Mittelalter und in der Neuzeit ; Leipzig, J. C. Hinrichs'sche Buchhandlung, 1908.

Canon and Text of the New Testament; Edinburgh, T. & T. Clark, 1907.

Die Quellen der synoptischen Überlieferung; Leipzig, J. C. Hinrichs'sche Buchhandlung, 1908.

• Les Évangiles Synoptiques; Chez l'Auteur, Ceffonds, Près Montien-en-der (Haute-Marne), 1907.