unhappily stopped short in the middle of a sentence ten years ago, without getting far into the Noun. It is understood that E. Schwyzer, who has edited Meisterhans on the Attic Inscriptions,' is helping Prof. Schmiedel now. The English edition of Winer is naturally much affected by the progress of discovery: the original appeared fifty years ago, and even the editor's notes are now thirty years old-which does not of course mean that they are antiquated, as far as the bulk is concerned. The later literature on syntax is given with some fullness in my Prolegomena. The most recent English work on N. T. Grammar, Dr. E. A. Abbott's péya Bißiov on St. John,3 is full of learning and subtlety, but does not advance our knowledge of Hellenistic Greek its value is for the exegete.

An important new step in the study of Hellenistic has been taken this year by the University of Manchester, which has started a B.A. course in Hellenistic parallel with that in classical Greek. It includes portions of Biblical writers (LXX. and N.T.), representative literary Kový works, inscriptions and papyri, grammar and composition. It will presumably attract mostly students who are going on to the B.D.; but if it encourages the linguistic study of this vast field-so little worked in our own country-it will be the beginning of one more new era in Hellenic scholarship amongst us.

JAMES HOPE MOULTON.

1 Meisterhans, Grammatik der attischen Inschriften (3te Auflage, Berlin, 1900). (See under Schweizer, above.)

" Winer's Grammar of N.T. Greek, edited by W. F. Moulton (3rd ed., T. & T. Clark, 1882). 3 Johannine Grammar (Black, 1906).

XIX

NEW TESTAMENT1

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A

SINCE it is not possible to keep the various problems presented by the New Testament rigidly apart in dealing with the literature, I begin with a mention of the more comprehensive works, leaving details in them which may call for attention to be dealt with at the points where they naturally arise. I have first to record the completion of the popular commentary on the New Testament edited by J. Weiss, which includes a new translation into German, is written from a somewhat advanced critical standpoint, and is designed to familiarise the educated laity with the processes and results of modern scientific exegesis and criticism. similar enterprise is being pushed forward very vigorously by the editor and publisher of the series of popular little manuals of theology bearing the title Religionsgeschichtliche Volksbücher. These of course have a much wider range than the New Testament, but they include several New Testament volumes, to some of which I shall have to refer later. Jülicher's well-known Introduction,3 which is written from the same general point of view, has appeared in a fifth and sixth edition, and has been subjected to so thorough a revision that the recently issued English translation of the fourth edition is now partially antiquated. Another Introduction has appeared in an English translation under a

The present article deals with books which have appeared since the beginning of 1906.

Die Schriften des neuen Testaments neu übersetzt und für die Gegenwart erklärt (Göttingen, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1905).

3 Einleitung in das neue Testament (Tübingen, J. C. B. Mohr, 1906).

somewhat misleading title. It is from the hand of Von Soden,1 and represents the same tendency as Jülicher. I might refer also to a series of posthumous Lectures by Wrede on the Origin of the New Testament, and I may conveniently add here his other posthumous volume of Lectures and Studies,3 which deals largely with New Testament subjects. This is also perhaps the place to mention the important Dictionary of Christ and the Gospels, edited by Dr. Hastings in two volumes, the second of which is expected shortly. The second edition of H. J. Holtzmann's great work on The Theology of the New Testament, which is promised for this year, has not yet appeared. On the Text of the New Testament I have to mention the large work of Von Soden, which is still incomplete, and a useful little lecture by Knopf, dealing with the present position of the subject, and clearly indicating its problems. On the Canon I have simply to call attention to the first volume of a very useful and well-arranged work by Leipoldt. Fortunately, the longpromised work by Gregory on The Canon and Text of the New Testament, in T. & T. Clark's International Theological Library, will be shortly in the hands of my readers.

A whole series of problems-critical, exegetical, and historical-confront us when we turn to the Gospels, and these cannot be sharply separated. Professor Burkitt's very fresh and suggestive volume of Jowett Lectures' will initiate the English reader into most of the literary and historical questions as they appear to a learned and independent

1 The History of Early Christian Literature. Library (London, Williams & Norgate, 1906).

Crown Theological

2 Die Entstehung der Schriften des neuen Testaments (Tübingen, J. C. B. Mohr, 1907).

3 Vorträge und Studien (Tübingen, J. C. B. Mohr, 1907).

Edinburgh, T. & T. Clark, 1906.

5 Der Text des neuen Testaments (Giessen, Töpelmann, 1906).

6 Entstehung des neutestamentlichen Kanons (Leipzig, J. C. Hinrichs, 1907).

7 The Gospel History and its Transmission (Edinburgh, T. & T. Clark, 1906).

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scholar, whose sympathies are with the liberal wing of criticism. A somewhat more radical treatment is also accessible in the just-published translation of Wernle's handbook on The Sources of our Knowledge of the Life of Jesus.1 It goes without saying that Wellhausen's Commentaries on the Synoptists and his Introduction to them have exerted a deep influence on subsequent works, especially on Jülicher's Introduction. All the scholars I have named agree in accepting the dominant Two-Document theory-that is, that the first and third Gospels rest upon Mark and a collection of sayings of Jesus, though they naturally differ considerably in details. Mr. Allen, in his recent commentary on Matthew, while accepting the dependence of the other Evangelists on Mark, has reverted to the theory that Luke had some acquaintance with the first Gospel. His commentary is disappointing on the exegetical side, since he has chosen to put his strength into criticism. His decision is much to be regretted, for nothing in English New Testament exegesis is more to be desired than a first-rate exegetical commentary on Matthew. Since students of the Synoptic Problem are very dependent on mechanical aids, I chronicle here the appearance of the third edition of Wright's very useful Synopsis, but I wish to call special attention to the third edition of Huck's Synopsis, which is the handiest, and probably practically the most useful, of all. Special investigation of Synoptic questions is to be found in the large and suggestive work of Salmon, entitled The Human Element in the Gospels, which institutes a detailed comparison between the versions given by the

London, Philip Green, 1907.

Das Evangelium Marci, 1903. Das Evangelium Matthaei, 1904. Das Evangelium Lucae, 1904 (Berlin, Georg Reimer).

3 Einleitung in die drei ersten Evangelien, 1905 (Berlin, G. Reimer). ♦ International Critical Commentary (Edinburgh, T. & T. Clark, 1907). A Synopsis of the Gospels in Greek (London, Macmillan & Co., 1907). Synopse der drei ersten Evangelien (Tübingen, J. C. B. Mohr, 1906). 7 London, John Murray, 1907.

Evangelists of the incidents related by them in common, and is noteworthy also for its change of attitude on the fourth Gospel. B. Weiss has added to his earlier works on Mark and Matthew a more handsomely produced and briefer discussion of the Sources of Luke.1 Dr. Abbott's Diatessarica has recently been enlarged by a new part, which includes notes on Silanus and longer notes on the Son of Man and the Self-Manifestations of Christ. It should be mentioned that the former part includes a long discussion of the date of the Apocalypse. Those who wish to get at his theories in an attractive form may be recommended to read Silanus the Christian. Harnack has published two parts of a new work bearing the general title Beiträge zur Einleitung in das neue Testament. The former of these vindicates for Luke the Physician the authorship of the third Gospel and Acts, and has thereby scandalised many of his colleagues by the lapse it exhibits from critical grace. The second deals with the sayings and speeches of Jesus. It has been considerably influenced by Wellhausen, but differs widely from his conclusions. The former has been translated into English, and a translation of the second is shortly to appear. On the fourth Gospel the English reader will find a useful and impartial account of recent critical discussions in Mr. Jackson's The Fourth Gospel. A special investigation of the theology has recently appeared from the pen of Mr. E. F. Scott. The books of Jülicher, Von Soden, and Wernle already mentioned naturally give a great deal of space to this Gospel. Wellhausen has published a pamphlet

1 Die Quellen des Lukas Evangeliums (Stuttgart und Berlin, J. G. Cotta'sche Buchhandlung Nachfolger).

"Notes on New Testament Criticism (London, A. & C. Black, 1907). 3 London, A. & C. Black, 1906.

4 Lukas der Arzt, 1906. Sprüche und Reden Jesu, 1907 (Leipzig, J. C. Hinrichs).

The Fourth Gospel and some Recent German Criticism (Cambridge, At the University Press, 1906).

The Fourth Gospel: its Purpose and Theology (Edinburgh, T. & T. Clark, 1906).