New articles on the tyrannis have been produced by P. Ure (Journ. Hell. Stud. 1906, pp. 131-42) and R. Nordin (Lehmann's Beiträge zur alten Geschichte, Leipzig, Dieterich, 1905, pp. 392-409). The former emphasises the large commercial enterprises of various usurpers (Polycrates, Peisistratus, etc.) and the influence which they thus acquired over the artisan population; the latter attacks the validity of the distinction between τύραννος, αἰσυμνήτης, and βασιλεύς, and defends the utility of early "Caesarism" in Greece.

J. Wells (Journ. Hell. Stud. 1905, pp. 195-203) gives reasons for dating the battle of Sepeia back to about 525, and the first alliance between Athens and Plataea to 519.

2. The middle period.—Thucydides' tale of Themistocles' stratagem in rebuilding the walls of Athens after the Persian wars is upheld against Beloch's criticism by Ed. Meyer in Hermes (Berlin, Weidmann), 1905, pp. 561-9, and by G. Busolt in Lehmann's Beiträge, 1905, pp. 255-79. Busolt demonstrates that the work of reconstruction could easily be accomplished in three or four weeks.

An examination of the Attic treasury-accounts during the Peloponnesian War, by W. Bannier in Rheinisches Museum (Frankfurt, Sauerländer), 1906, pp. 202-31, has revealed the fact that until 418 they were checked but once a year, while by 410 they came to be controlled in every prytany.

By a scrutiny of fourth-century lists of Attic officials, J. Sundwall (Lehmann's Beiträge, 4tes Beiheft, 1906; 5m.) brings out the remarkable fact that in the administration of this period the rich took a much larger share than is generally supposed.

F. H. Marshall has published his Thirlwall Prize Essay on The Second Athenian Confederacy (Cambridge University Press, 1905; pp. xii +136 ; 3s. 6d.), in which recent epigraphic evidence is adduced to throw light upon the origins of the League.

By means of inscriptions M. Pomtow (Lehmann's Beiträge, 1906, pp. 89-126) traces the vicissitudes of the philo-Theban and philo-Phocian parties at Delphi from 370 to 330.

3. The Hellenistic period.-Professor Mahaffy has issued his Chicago Lectures on The Progress of Hellenism in Alexander's Empire in book form (University of Chicago Press; pp. viii +154; 5s.). These essays serve to demonstrate the manifold interest of this curiously modern but neglected epoch.

The Athenian politics of early Hellenistic times are elucidated by W. S. Ferguson in Lehmann's Beiträge, 1905, pp. 155-79, who shows how the oligarchs were bound to favour the various Macedonian rulers, and the democrats their opponents.

C. F. Lehmann (ib. pp. 375-91) emphasises the part which Arsinoë, queen of Egypt, played in fomenting the Chremonidean War and the ambitious nature of her statesmanship.

The republican federations are dealt with by H. Francotte in Musée Belge (Louvain, Peeters), 1906, pp. 4-20, who distinguishes between the representative council (Bovλý), the ordinary and the special assemblies (σύνοδος, συγκλητός) of the Achaean League, and by M. Holleaux in the Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique (Paris, Fontemoing), 1906, pp. 362-72, who proves that the Aetolian League held meetings in spring (IIavaiтwλuká), in addition to the autumn assembly (Θερμικά).

4. Miscellaneous.-(1) Of Pauly-Wissowa's Real-Encyclopädie der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft (Stuttgart, Metzler), vol. v. pt. 2 (Donatio-Ephoroi, cols. 1533-2864; 15m.) has been published in 1905. The constitutional articles-Eisangelia, Ekklesia, Ephebeia-have been greatly enriched by the use of new inscriptions dealing with many parts of Greece. In the article on Drako, the constitution outlined in Athenaion Politeia, ch. 4, is rejected as a forgery. Epaminondas is branded by H. Swoboda as a purely destructive statesman.

(2) J. Beloch has published new statistics about the numerical strength of Greek armies (Lehmann's Beiträge, 1905, pp. 341-74; 1906, pp. 34-78). In his first article he

defends his lower estimates of the Athenian levy in 431 against Ed. Meyer; in the second he suggests a simple organisation of the Spartan army as against Busolt's reconstruction in Hermes, 1905, pp. 387-449.

In Philologus (Leipzig, Dieterich), 1905, pp. 506-53, A. Mommsen reviews the formulae of Attic decrees recorded in inscriptions. His conclusion is that they were constantly changed and elaborated until 300; from the third century until Imperial times the drafting followed one set form.

(3) An investigation of Diodorus's sources and style of work is made by A. von Mess in Rheinisches Museum, 1905, pp. 244-66, 360-407. Its correctness will perhaps be confirmed or refuted by the new Oxyrhynchus text.

(4) In Murray's series of Handy Classical Maps, edited by G. B. Grundy, a contour map of Mare Aegaeum (1905; 2s.), with eleven detailed maps and plans, has been published.

M. O. B. CASPARI.

XIV

ROMAN HISTORY

The

Two discoveries have been made during the year. excavation at Rome of an altar dedicated by the consuls Caninius Gallus and Fufius Geminus proves the manumission law Furia Caninia of uncertain date to be the lex Fufia Caninia of 2 B.C. (Athen. no. 4099, p. 617). A fragment of Sosylos, the historian and companion of Hannibal, has also been recovered. It deals with a sea-fight between Romans, Massilians, and Carthaginians (fight at the mouth of the Ebro, 217 B.C.?). New facts as to the Stéπλous and as to the importance of the Massilian fleet to Rome are gained (Hermes, xli. p. 103).

Primitive times supply material for Frazer's Early History of the Kingship (Macmillan; 8s. 6d. net) and Christ's Griechische Nachrichten über Italien (Munich, Verlag d. kais. Bayer. Akademie d. Wissenschaften, 1m.). Mr. Frazer traces the connection between medicine-man, priest, god, and king, and investigates the origin of the Roman kingship, "rex Nemorensis," and Vestal Virgins: these appear as the consorts of the Roman fire-god. Christ examines the traces of Greek tradition in early Roman history, dealing especially with Cumae and Aristodemus, Lipara and Roman presents to Delphi, the Italian " Pelasgi," and the Aeneas legend. Pais's Ancient Legends of Roman History has been translated by Cosenza (Sonnenschein; 15s.). The author's destructive tendencies lead him to doubt the credibility of everything preceding the Samnite Wars, and to revive the old sun-myth.

66

In Klio, vi. p. 269, Sigwart attempts to defend early Roman history against such attacks, suggesting that Diodorus's account rests on ancient Fasti and Annales. From a comparison of the two decemviral lists he concludes that both are manufactured, the first on the model of the second. The difficult question of Plutarch's sources is furthered, though not solved, by Soltau's Die Quellen Plutarch's in der Biographie des Valerius Poplicola (Jahresbericht d. Gymnasiums in Zabern, 1905). He suggests that Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Juba, Fenestella, and Nepos were the mediums through whom Plutarch used Valerius Antias.

The gaps in our knowledge of the First Punic War have spurred on Schermann to attempt to reconstruct the Livian tradition from the epitomists-Der erste punische Krieg im Lichte der livianischen Tradition (Tübingen, Laupp; 2.50m.). The facts are given year by year, and the respective accounts of the epitomists analysed: throughout the Livian is found decidedly inferior to the Polybian tradition. Military problems in the Second Punic War are disentangled by Lehmann, Die Angriffe der drei Barciden auf Italien (Leipzig, Teubner; 10m.; good maps). The importance of this work lies in its masterly discussions of strategic motives. A really interesting account of the invasions of Hannibal, Hasdrubal, and Mago is presented in a lucid and flowing narrative, preceded by a minute analysis of all the sources, topographical and literary. Lehmann tends to lay more stress on literary sources than has lately been the fashion, and forms a generous estimate of Livy's powers. His advocacy of the Little St. Bernard Pass is less convincing than his brilliant account of the campaigns in Italy; it is extensively criticised in the Berl. philol. Wochenschrift, 1906, nos. 2 and 3. In Klio, vi. 2, p. 226, Reuss argues that the fight of the Trasimene Lake took place around the western half of the hills, criticising the view of Fuchs, who spreads it over all the hills (Wiener Studien, xxvi. p. 118). He agrees, however, with Fuchs that Hannibal's march before