GLOSSARY OF LITURGICAL AND ECCLESIASTICAL TERMS.* WE desire to call the special attention of our readers to a most important and valuable book, the work of Dr. Lee, which has just been issued by Mr. Quaritch. The volume which is entitled as above, takes rank among the most important, valuable, reliable, and useful books of its class that have at any time been issued. The explanations are all that could be wished for; they are neither too brief to be useful, nor too full to be tiresome, but are all that can be needed in a work that professes not to be an Encyclopædia, but simply a "Glossary." Dr. Lee, in his preface, desires it to be specially understood that his book is not intended for the learned, but for the unlearned; it is addressed ad populum." He may rest assured that while the volume will be of inestimable value to the "unlearned," it will be quite as acceptable and important a boon to the most "learned," who will find it not only a handy and useful, but a reliable and constantly needed, book of reference. It is a book to have at one's elbow and to constantly refer to as an authority. There may be, and doubtless are, some few terms, here and there, which we should have been glad to have seen added to the book, but which in the vastness of his task have either been overlooked by the author, or left out for some good and sufficient reason. Their omission, however, does not detract in the slightest degree from the value and usefulness of Dr. Lee's compilation; the wonder is that the omissions are not tenfold greater! Opening the book at random, we copy three of the explanations for the purpose of showing their nature and their reliable qualities :

"ALTAR BREAD.-The bread made use of in the Christian Sacrifice. At the institution of the Holy Eucharist, unleavened bread was, no doubt, used by our Divine Redeemer (See St. Luke xxii. 15), and this custom, which is a matter of discipline, and does not touch the essence of the Eucharist, is still observed by the whole Latin Church, by the Armenians, and by the Maronites. The Ethiopian Christians, also, use unleavened bread at their mass on Maundy Thursday, but leavened bread on other occasions. The Greek and other Oriental Churches use leavened bread, which is especially made for the purpose, with scrupulous care and attention. The Christians of St. Thomas, likew se, make use of leavened bread, composed of fine flour, which by ancient rule of theirs ought to be prepared on the same day upon which it is to be consecrated. It is circular in shape, stamped with a large cross, the border being edged with smaller crosses, so that when it is broken up, each fragment may contain the holy symbol. In the Roman Catholic Church the bread is made thin and circular, and bears upon it either the impressed figure of the crucifix, or the letters I. H.S. Pope St. Zephyrinus, who lived in the third century, terms the Sacramental Bread Corona sive oblata sphericæ figuræ,' 'a crown or oblation of a spherical figure' (Benedict XIV., De Sacrificio Missæ lib. i. cap. vi., sec. iv.), the circle being indicatory of the Divine Presence after consecration. The orientals occasionally make their altar-breads square, on which is stamped a cross with an inscription. The square form of the bread is a mystical indication that by the sacrifice of Christ upon the cross salvation is purchased for the four corners of the earth-for north, south, east and west; and moreover, that our Blessed Saviour died for all men. In the Church of England unleavened bread was invariably made use of until the changes of the sixteenth century. Since that period, however, with but few exceptions, common and ordinary leavened bread has been used. The ancient rule has never been theoretically abolished, for one of the existing rubrics runs as follows:- "It shall suffice that the bread be such as is usual to be eaten; but the best and purest wheat bread that conveniently may be gotten." (see Plate XXI, figs. 3 to 6.)

Fig. 3.

"BENEDICTION. -1. A blessing. 2. Any benediction given by a superior to an in

1616 Fidem veritati adhibro

Notarial Sign of Stephen Maylard,
Notary Public, 1616.

6.

ferior, more especially by a priest to one of the faithful. In the West the sign of the cross is made, during the act of blessing, with the thumb and the two first fingers of the right hand extended, and the two remaining fingers turned down. In the Oriental Church the thumb and the third finger of the same hand are conjoined, the other fingers being stretched out. Some Eastern writers see in this position a representation of the Eastern sacred monogram of our Lord's name."

Let us add to this that while (as we have elsewhere shownf) the conventional position of the hand, in cases of benediction, has the thumb and two fingers extended in token of the Trinity, as in our engraving (fig. 1), the two great Russian religious parties (the established Orthodox Church "Pravaslavnaya Véra," and the Old Faith, Staraya Vèra,") have each their own peculiar way of holding the fingers, and have each their own distinctive cross. The former in making the sign of the cross, in the act of benediction, put together the thumb and first and second fingers of the right hand, holding the other fingers down (fig. 2); and the latter put together the third and fourth fingers and thumb of the right hand, and hold the second and third a little bent, but held close together (fig. 3.)

"NOTARIAL MARKS.-Marks, devices, or signs, which, together with the signature of their name, were made by public notaries for several generations, on attesting any deed, document, or copy of the same. These marks are frequently found in papers amongst cathedral and collegiate archives. An example of such a mark is given from a seventeenth century document in the library at Worcester Cathedal."

This last extract, alone, is sufficient to show the value and usefulness of Dr. Lees' book, for the subject of "Notarial Marks" is to be looked for in vain in the two modern authors, Walcott or Shipley (whose books, by the way, we do not see included in the list of works consulted by Dr. Lee), although a matter of much interest to antiquaries. It is engraved on Plate XXI, fig. 2. In connection with this we would call attention to an admirable notarial sign, that of William Wyght, of Hopton, in Derbyshire, given on page 166 of this number.

The value of Dr. Lees' book is considerably enhanced by the judicious introduction of engravings, which add immeasurably to its usefulness. It is admirably printed, and "got up in a style that does the highest credit to its publisher, Mr. Quaritch. No library can be at all complete without it.

A Glossary of Liturgical and Ecclesiastical Terms. By the Rev. FREDERICK GEORGE LEE, D.C.L., F.S.A. 1 vol., Royal 8vo., pp. 452. London: Bernard Quaritch, 15, Piccadilly, 1877. Illustrated. "The Cross in

Nature and in Art," by LLEWELLYNN JEWITT, F.S.A.

FOXE, THE MARTYROLOGIST.

WE desire to call special attention to an admirable biography of John Foxe, the martyrologist, written by Mr. W. Winters, and published by him at Waltham Abbey. It is the fullest, most reliable, best written, and altogether most satisfactory memoir yet prepared of that eminent man and thanks are eminently due to Mr. Winters for the zeal he has shown in hunting up every scrap of information that is available. We recommend our readers to secure copies of this pamphlet, which may be had of its author, the Churchyard, Waltham Abbey, Essex.

PICTURESQUE EUROPE.*

Or all the sumptuously beautiful and desirable books for a gift, or for a library, which for a long time has come before us, "Picturesque Europe" is decidedly, and emphatically the best. It is a book, both in plan, in arrangement, and in general style, to itself, by itself, and of itself, and one that, above all others, is worthy of the highest praise. In the first nine numbers now before us we have charmingly written chapters on " Windsor," "Warwick and Stratford-on-Avon," "North Wales," and "The Dales of Derbyshire," by T. G. Bonney; "The South Coast," by H. H. S. Pearse; "The Forest Scenery of Great Britain," by W. Senior; "Edinburgh and the South Lowlands," by James Grant; "Ireland," by John Francis Waller, and "Scenery of the Thames." They are written in a pleasing, popular, chatty and "taking" style, just such as will please the general reader, and give a zest to the studies of the more deeply read classes. Of the illustrations, which are lavishly profuse in their number, and faultlessly beautiful in their execution, it would be impossible to say too much in praise. The steel plates are admirable, but the wood engravings, of which a very large number are interspersed throughout the work, are among the finest and mot effective ever produced in the art. We regret that we can only now find room for a few brief lines, but shall revert again to the work on other occasions. All we need add is that as a gift book, or as a book for the drawing room or library it ranks higher than any other of its class, and that it deserves the most extended success. We cannot too strongly or emphatically impress its merits on our readers, nor too confidently recommend it to them.

*London: Cassell, Petter, & Galpin. Large 4to, profusely illustrated.

GRAY'S INN.*

MR. DOUTHWAITE, the learned and gifted librarian of Gray's Inn, has done good service, not only to his Inn but to London topography, by the compilation of an admirable little volume upon its history and on the families and learned men who have been connected with it; this he has printed privately, and thereby has added much to our hitherto scant knowledge of its history. Gray's Inn, Mr. Douthwaite shows, was founded by the De Greys, descendants of the famous Henry De Grey of Codnor Castle in Derbyshire -a family many times ennobled and to which even Lady Jane Grey herself belonged. He shows that the first of the family mentioned in connection with the Inn was Reginald le Grey, who died in the first year of Edward the First, and was succeeded as heir by John le Grey, who was then thirty-three years old, and died in 1324, who was succeeded by his son Henry le Grey, who at his death in 1343 was in turn succeeded by his son and heir Reginald le Grey de Wilton; and that it remained in that family till 1505, when Edmund, Lord Grey of Wilton, sold it to Hugh Denys, next to the Chigwells, and next to Sheene Priory. At the dissolution it passed to the King, by whom it was granted to a Society and so has continued. It is not our intention, however, to even briefly sketch the history of this Inn, but simply to express our unbounded commendation of the excellent and careful manner in which Mr. Douthwaite has carried out his work. It is full of interest, and is a valuable acquisition to antiquarian literature.

*Gray's Inn with Notes, illustrative of its History and Antiquities. DOUTHWAITE, Librarian. London: 1876 (privately printed).

66

CUMBERLAND POETRY.*

By W. R.

1 vol. 8vo., pp. 98.

WE have on former occasions called attention to some charming volumes published by Mr. Coward, of Carlisle, and it now becomes our pleasing duty to announce the issue of another equally excellent, equally interesting, and equally pleasing work from the same house. The present volume is entitled "The Popular Poetry of Cumberland and the Lake Country," and is edited by Sidney Gilpin, whose name alone is sufficient guarantee for thorough excellence in any work to which it is attached. The volume is intended to be, and really forms, a companion to, or continuation of, the Songs and Ballads of Cumberland and the Lake Country," and is printed and got up" uniformly with it. It is a collection of poems by the Rev. Josiah Relph, who died in 1743, when only in his 32nd year; Charles Graham, of Penrith, from his poems of 1778; Miss Blamire, of Carlisle, who died in 1794, and of whom an admirable portrait appears in the former volume; Ewan, or Evan, Clark, of Standing-stone, whọ died at the age of 77 in 1811; Mark Lonsdale, who was born at Carlisle, in 1758, and whose "Th' Upshot" is one of the cleverest of dialect songs; John Stagg, the blind fiddler, or in his own dialect "blin' Stagg th' fiddler," a strange character, but a wondrous writer of dialect songs, who, a native of Burgh-by-Sands, near Carlisle, was born in 1770, and who was immortalised by Anderson :

"Blin' Stagg, the fiddler, get a whack,

The bacon-fleck fell on his back;

An' neist his fiddle-stick they brak,
'Twas weel it was nea waur;

For he sang, whary-whum, whuddle-whum,
Derry-eyden dee;"-

Thomas Wilkinson, of Yanwath, near Penrith; the Wordsworths; Sarah Hutchinson; the Earl of Carlisle; J. J. Lonsdale; William Dickinson; Miss Powley; and others. Of the judicious character of the selection, the excellence of the editing, and the interesting nature of the pieces themselves it is impossible to speak too highly; as it is also of the value such contributions to local anthology possess. Well would it be if the poets of every county met so energetic and loving an editor as Mr. Gilpin, and so liberal, enlightened, and able a publisher as Mr. Coward. The value of the present volume is enhanced by an admirable portrait of the blind fiddler, John Stagg. *The Popular Poetry of Cumberland and the Lake Country. By SIDNEY GILPIN, Carlisle, G. and T. Coward. London: Bemrose & Sons, 1 vol., sm. 8vo. 1875, pp 246.

THE CHURCH SERVICE BIBLE (London: Henry Frowde, Paternoster Row). Whether at Christmas, the New Year, or at any other season, it would be difficult to find a more appropriate or a more acceptable gift-book than this; and it is an edition that ought to be in every household, and in every Church pew in the kingdom. It contains the Old and New Testaments with the Lessons (both morning and evening), clearly marked with dates and signs, at the commencement and end of each; and these are also indicated at the lower marginal corner of each page. The arrangement is simple, and so excellent as not to be possible to be misunderstood. We cordially welcome this "Church Service Bible," and recommend it to everybody.