Second year :-Greek, 3 hours; Latin, 3 hours; German, 3 hours; English, (Rhetoric); physiology, psychology, logic, 3 hours; Military drill; Elective, 0 to 4 hours each term.

Third year;-Entirely elective, provided that the major part of the work is in literary, historical, philosophical and mathematical subjects.

Fourth year :-As in third year, but 2 hours a week devoted to theses.

BACHELOR OF PHILOSOPHY.

Students in this course who in the last two years elect continuously not less that nine hours of studies in history and political science, will receive the degree of Ph. B, in history and political science.

First year--As in the first year of the arts course, only substituting German (as in second year of arts) for Greek.

Second year :-As in second year of arts, substituting history for Greek, and with a choice between French and German. Third and Fourth years :-as in the preceding course.

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE.

First year -Mathematics-5 hours; French-3 hours as in arts; German-3 hours as in second year of arts; English (Rhetoric), Chemistry-3 hours (General Inorganic Chemistry); elementary— or for more advanced students qualitative and quantitative analysis): Hygiene.

Second year :-French or German, 3 hours devoted to three prescribed works in either language also 3 hours of elective work in either language; English-2 hours (Rhetoric); Physics, 3 hours: Mechanics and Heat; Electricity and Magnetism; Acoustics and Optics; (A more advanced course for those taking elective works in Physics); Botany, 2 hours.

Physiology, Psychology and Logic as in preceding courses, elective, 1 to 5 hours each term.

Third year-Entirely elective, but that a majority of the work must be in Natural Science or Mathematics.

Fourth year --As in third year, except that 2 hours must be devoted to theses.

DEGREE OF M.E.

First year-Elementary Mathematics, French or German, Chemistry, Drawing.

Second year :-Mathematics, designing, experimental mechanics and heat, shop work, electricity, chemistry, acoustics and optics. Third and Fourth years :-More specialized work with options in the fourth year.

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURE.

First year-French or German or Mathematics, Zoology and Entomology, English, Drawing, Chemistry, Hygiene, Drill.

Second year :-English, Physics Agricultural Chemistry, Political Economy, Physiology, Microscopy, applied Mathematics. Elective 0 to 2 hours each term.

Third year-Elective; but 12 hours to be devoted to agricultural subjects.

Fourth year :-Seven prescribed hours in agriculture. The rest elective, except that five hours must be devoted to agricultural subjects.

Optional Courses.--As will be seen from the preceding synopsis, the courses in the third and fourth years are almost entirely elective, with the restrictions that have been noted. The Sophomore year also contains certain electives. The lectures are arranged to satisfy all the different degrees of proficiency, and there are special courses adapted to the needs of prospective teachers, etc.

University Degrees.-The degrees of Cornell Univerare granted by the Board of Trustees on the recommendation of the faculties. They are as follows:

Bachelor of Arts.

Bachelor of Philosophy.

Bachelor of Letters (to be abolished in 1896).

Bachelor of Science or Bachelor of Science in Natural History.

Bachelor of Science in Agriculture.

Bachelor of Science in Architecture.
Bachelor of Laws.

Civil Engineer.
Mechanical Engineer.

Also the advanced degrees of—

Master of Arts.

Master of Philosophy.

Master of Letters.

Master of Science.

Master of Laws.

Master of Science in Architecture.
Master of Civil Engineering.

Master of Mechanical Engineering.
Master of Science in Agriculture.
Doctor of Philosophy.

Doctor of Science.

Examinations.-Examinations are conducted by the members of the instructing corps. The heads of departments are responsible therefor, though in making out the questions they may be aided by the assistant professors, instructors, etc.

CHAPTER XXIII.

THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY.

The establishment of this University marks an epoch in the development of the system of higher education in the United States. Prior to that event the chief work of all the universities had been the education of undergraduates; since then an increasing part of the work of many of them and all the work of others, has been the further education of those who have already completed an ordinary university course. This change has been the result to a large extent of the policy deliberately adopted by the management of the Johns Hopkins University.

Historical Sketch.-The location of the University was no doubt determined by the fact that Mr. Hopkins, who furnished the original endowment, was a citizen of Baltimore, but the selection was in every way a fortunate one. Baltimore is sufficiently near Washington for the University to be beneficially affected by the political life of the national capital, without the inevitable distraction from work that would be caused by constant and immediate contact with it. The foundation of the University is a bequest of one-half of the founder's estate of seven mil- lion dollars, the other half having been devoted to the establishment of a Hospital with a view to the ultimate development of a teaching medical department. At Mr. Hopkins' request an incorporation was in 1867 formed under a general statute, "for the promotion of education

in the State of Maryland," but very little was done during his life to give practical effect to his intentions. In 1874 the Board of Trustees began an elaborate investigation of existing university constitutions in the United States and elsewhere, and after obtaining the advice of such experienced educators as President Eliot of Harvard, President White of Cornell, and President Angell of Michigan, they placed at the head of the proposed University, Daniel C. Gilman, then President of the University of California, and formerly a Professor of Yale College. For some months he continued in Europe his inquiries into the constitution and working of universities, and on his return the character to be given to the new institution was outlined in his inaugural address delivered early in 1876. Its aims were to be, "an enduring foundation; a slow development; first local, then regional, then national influence; the most liberal promotion of all useful knowledge; the special provision of such departments as are elsewhere neglected in the country; a generous affiliation with all other institutions, avoiding interferences and engaging in no rivalry; the encouragement of research; the promotion of young men, and the advancement of individual scholars, who by their excellence will advocate the sciences they pursue, and the society where they dwell." The University was opened for students in October, 1876, in buildings erected in a densely-peopled part of the City of Baltimore. It was not the settled purpose of the management that the academical work should always be carried on there, but as time passed, old buildings were improved and new ones erected to meet the demand for accommodation, until the series was crowned by the com