Bachelor of Science, Master of Arts, Civil Engineer, Doctor of Philosophy, Doctor of Science, Bachelor of Divinity, Bachelor of Laws, Doctor of Medicine, Doctor of Dental Medicine, Doctor of Veterinary Medicine, and Bachelor of Agricultural Science are conferred, after recommendation by the several Faculties, by vote of the Corporation, with the consent of the Overseers.

There are four grades of the degrees of Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science, and two grades of the degrees of Bachelor of Laws and Doctor of Medicine. Honorary degrees are conferred by vote of the Corporation with the consent of the Overseers.

Examinations.-The Examinations are conducted by the Faculties, and are mid-year and final. Examinations may also at the discretion of the Professor be given to a student at any time merely as a means of estimating his proficiency.

CHAPTER XVIII.

YALE UNIVERSITY.

Historical Sketch of Yale College. The reasons which led to the foundation of the original Collegiate School were the inconvenient distance of Harvard, and the consequent expense of sending students there, combined with the growing suspicion of the laxity of Harvard in matters of religion. In 1701, the General Court of Connecticut met at New Haven and granted a charter to erect a Collegiate School. Ten clergymen were appointed trustees, and the sum of £60 granted annually until the Court should order otherwise. The College was temporarily located at Saybrook, but on the appointment of Abraham Pearson as Rector, his home at Killingworth (now Clinton) was made its headquarters and it remained. so till his death in 1707. Rector Andrew, who succeeded to the post, lived at Milford. This seriously impaired the organization of the School, for the classes were now for some years divided by the forty miles which lay between Milford and Saybrook. This state of affairs induced the trustees to remove the school in 1716 to New Haven. But a serious split still existed, for in 1717, Rector Andrew granted four degrees at New Haven, and one degree was conferred by Mr. Woodbridge at Wethersfield. This anomalous state of affairs still prevailed in the following year, and the Legislature decided to divide its yearly grant among the several instructors at Wethersfield, New Haven, and Saybrook,

At this critical time news came from England which fixed the College firmly at New Haven, and gave it the name it now bears. This news was the announcement of Governor Yale's gift of "three bales of valuable goods, a portrait of George I., the Royal coat of arms, and a case of books," the estimated value of the whole being £800. In honor of this gift the Collegiate School received the name of Yale College, and became firmly established at New Haven. In 1719, the General Court made an annual grant to the College of £300. A great sensation was caused in 1722 by Rector Cutler's adherence to the Episcopalian heresy, and he was forth with requested to resign. An interregnum ensued which lasted until 1726. The Trustees resided at the College, each in turn, for a month, and attempted to fulfil the duties of a College President.

In the year 1745 a new charter was granted to Yale College, whereby the Rector and ten other trustees, then in office, were made a body corporate and politic, hereafter to be known as "The President and Fellows of Yale College in New Haven," with perpetual succession and the customary corporation privileges. Thus the Rector and Trustees became the President and Fellows with paramount control of the affairs of the College with power to make laws and ordinances as they might see fit, and with authority to make all appointments. No qualifications for trustees were mentioned and no provisions were made for ecclesiastical government. In 1753, the Corporation imposed a religious test which remained in force for over twenty years. In 1756, Professorships of Divinity were established, and in 1757, the College was formed into a separate Church. President Stiles

made it a stipulation on receiving office in 1777 that the religious test should be abolished. During his administration, a committee was appointed in 1791 by the Legislature to confer with the Corporation of the College, with the result that the arrearages on certain State taxes were paid on condition that the Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, and the six oldest assistants, should be added to the Corporation.

President Timothy Dwight administered the affairs of the College from 1795 to 1817. In 1801 a Professorship of Law was established, and in 1813, the Yale Medical School. Under President Day, from 1817 to 1846, the influence of the Faculty constantly increased, and a Theological School was founded as a distinct department. The new State Constitution confirmed in 1818 the privileges enjoyed by the Corporation. The Yale Law School was established in 1824. President Theodore Woolsey, who held the office from 1846 to 1871, has been called the greatest of Yale's Presidents. The foundation of the Sheffield Scientific School in the second year of his administration was one of the most important educational events of the century. It is impossible to dwell in detail on the fruitful development of the various departments of this period.

President Porter succeeded to office in 1871. On March 23rd, 1872, the Corporation voted that Yale College "be recognized as comprising the four departments of which a University is commonly understood to consist," and an Act was subsequently passed by the State Legislature giving the alumni of the institution representation in its governing body. In 1870, Classics became

optional after the beginning of the junior year. In 1876 the elective system was extended so as to cover the afternoon exercises of the junior and senior years, and in the same year entrance examinations were permitted outside of New Haven. The present system of options was introduced in 1884.

The Rev. Timothy Dwight has held the office of President since 1886, and his administration has been an era of prosperity and advancement. An Act legalizing the use of the title, "Yale University," by the Corporation existing under the name of "The President and Fellows of Yale College," was approved by the Governor on March 8, 1887. At the same time the old name Yale College was limited by the Corporation to the Academical Department, which it had originally denoted.

Organization of the University.-The trustees partly fill their own vacancies, and are partly elected by the Alumni, the six chosen by the latter being in addition to the number fixed by the charter of 1745. The Governor and Lieut.-Governor of the State are members of the Board ex officio.

Professors and Instructors are appointed by the President and Fellows, generally on nominations made by the Faculties. Assistant Professors are usually appointed for five years. Professors have usually permanent appoint

ments.

The revenues are derived from various sources. The University enjoys the interest on many private endowments, and individual gifts of land continually add to the revenues. The Government for many years devoted the proceeds of the Congressional land grant of Con