the Nova Scotia Legislature passed an Act* creating "The University of Halifax," with power, after examination, to confer degrees in arts and science, other than degrees in medicine and surgery, on candidates sent up by any of the following teaching Colleges: King's College in Windsor, Dalhousie College in Halifax, Acadia College in Wolfville, Saint Mary's College in Halifax, the College of St. Francis Xavier in Antigonish, and Mount Allison Wesleyan College in Sackville, N. B. The corporate powers of the University were vested in "A chancellor, Vice-Chancellor, fellows, and graduates," and these for the time being were declared to constitute the "Senate," to which was entrusted "the entire management and superintendence over the affairs, concerns, and property" of the University. It was specially empowered to make regulations for the conduct of examinations and the granting of degrees and standing, with the proviso that it should not be lawful "to impose on any person any compulsory religious examination or test, or to do, or cause or suffer to be done, anything that would render it necessary or advisable, with a view to academical success or distinction, that any person should pursue the study of any materialistic or sceptical system of logic, or mental or moral philosophy." The chancellor was to be appointed by the Governor-in-Council, and the Vice-Chancellor to be chosen by the Senate. The "fellows were to be twenty-four in number, exclusive of the Chancellor

*39 Vict. cap. 28. See also Revised Statutes of Nova Scotia, 1884, cap. 30.

and the Vice-Chancellor, and were to be appointed out of a larger list nominated by Convocation. The latter body was declared to include "all doctors of law, doctors of medicine, doctors of science and masters of arts, all bachelors of law and bachelors of medicine of two year's standing," and those holding such other degrees as Convocation might by resolution agree to. Under the authority conferred by this constitution the University of Halifax was organized, but it never succeeded in drawing to its examinations any considerable number of candidates, though the teaching institutions affiliated to it by the statute were not required to leave in abeyance their own degree-conferring powers, and those who entered into a working arrangement with it became entitled to a special Provincial grant. After examinations had been held for a very few years, and one or two degrees had been conferred, the University became dormant, though the statute creating it has not been repealed.

ROMAN CATHOLIC UNIVERSITIES.

The Roman Catholics of Nova Scotia have long been awake to the importance of higher education, but the difficulties in the way of carrying on the work successfully have been very great. For some years an effort to do so was made in Halifax, but the St. Mary's College formerly maintained in that city no longer exists. There are still two institutions in operation in the Province, each invested with university powers, and of these a brief account may be given.

St. Francis Xavier's College. This College was founded at Antigonish in 1854, by the Right Reverend Colin F. McKinnon, D.D., Bishop of Arichat, for the higher education of students aspiring to the priesthood and to the learned professions. Under the peculiar secondary school system of Nova Scotia, the college was affiliated with the Antigonish County Academy, and in this way became instrumental in furnishing a valuable non-professional training to many of the teachers of the public schools Its position, in fact, was analogous to that of the Windsor and Horton Academies. Like them, it was denominational in its management, but was aided in its maintenance by a Provincial subsidy. In 1866 an Act* was passed by the Nova Scotia Legislature, declaring that St. Francis Xavier's College shall be held and taken to be a university, with all the usual privileges of such an institution," including the right to confer on its students the degrees of "Bachelor, Master, and Doctor in the several Arts and Faculties," according to the regulations prescribed by the college authorities. In 1882 the institution was incorporated by another Act of the Legislature, under the name of "The Governors of St. Francis Xavier's College, Antigonish." The Roman Catholic Bishop, two other clergymen, and two laymen constitute the board; the Bishop is a member ex officio, and the other four are governors for life, unless they resign, remove permanently from the Province, or withdraw from the communion of the Roman Catholic Church. Vacancies are filled up by co-optation, subject to the approval *29 Vict, cap. 93. +45 Vict., cap. 77.

of the Bishop, and with the same proviso the governors are authorized to make regulations for the business administration and academical management of the institution. By them all members of the teaching staff are appointed, their duties defined, and their remuneration fixed. The Act of 1882 expressly continues the university status granted to the college by the Act of 1866.

Sainte Anne's College. -This institution was established in Digby County in 1890, at the instance of Archbishop O'Brien, who invited the co-operation of the Congregation of the Eudist Fathers for the purpose. In 1892, by an Act* of the Legislature of Nova Scotia, it was incorporated under the name of The Directors of Sainte Anne's College, Church Point," the first directors being five members of the Eudist Congregation, who are authorized to fill vacancies by co-optation, and to increase their number in the same way. All directors hold their places only so long as they remain in the communion of the Roman Catholic Church. The directors are empowered to elect a President, and to appoint members of the teaching staff, and other officers. As a corporation they have full control of the college property, and as a university they are authorized to confer degrees and prescribe the conditions on which they may be obtained in the "several Arts and Faculties." Sainte Anne's College, for purposes of secondary educational work, is affiliated with the Clare County Academy, but it has not yet begun to confer degrees.

*55 Vict., cap. 135.

CHAPTER XIII.

NEW BRUNSWICK UNIVERSITIES.

Many of the United Empire Loyalists settled on the north shore of the Bay of Fundy, at the mouth and along the banks of the St. John River. The natural resources of the locality attracted other immigrants, and very soon the settlers found themselves in a position to ask for an independent Provincial organization. The Colonial Office deemed it expedient to divide Acadia, and in 1774 a commission was issued to Thomas Carleton as Governor of New Brunswick, the boundaries of the Province being defined as they have ever since remained. The progress of settlement was rapid and continuous, and with its development grew the desire for improved means of education.

THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW BRUNSWICK.

As far back as 1800 a charter was issued* under the Great Seal of the province for the establishment and incorporation of a seminary of learning, named "The College of New Brunswick," which was located at Fredericton, and was endowed in the course of the same year with certain Crown lands in that vicinity. By an Act* of the New Brunswick Parliament passed in 1805, a grant of £100 a year was made to it out of the Provin

*On the 12th of February. *45 George III., cap. 15.