of the Order. The building was occupied by members of the Society until the death of the last survivor* in 1800, and it was used by the British Government as a military barrack until 1879, when it was condemned as unsafe and allowed to go to ruin. The Jesuits had before 1773 acquired much valuable property in Montreal, but had never engaged there in the work of education. The last survivort in that city died in 1791, after which the property was regarded as escheated to the Crown. By a brief of Pius VII., the Order was revived in 1814. Work in Canada was not resumed for some years, but in 1842, at the instance of the late Bishop Bourget, several Jesuit fathers took up their abode in Montreal, and in 1848 they commenced giving instruction in temporary quarters pending the erection of a college building.

St. Mary's College. The present Jesuit College building was begun in 1847, but was not ready for occupation till 1851. Owing to the fact that provision was made for teaching English the attendance rapidly increased. A very thorough course of instruction, one section "classical" and one "commercial," has been provided, while another division is made between preparatory and advanced work. The institution was incorporated in 1852 by an Act‡ of the Canadian Parliament, but, unlike the Quebec Seminary, the Jesuits did not thereby acquire university powers. The Bishop of Montreal was one of the petitioners for the Act, and he is ex officio a member of the corporation, which includes the Rector, the bursar, and other officers. *Father Cazot.

+Father Well.

16 Vict., cap. 57.

The corporation is authorized to make regulations for the management of the affairs of the College, subject to the provision that the revenue must be applied (1) to the maintenance of the institution, (2) to the construction and repair of buildings for its use, and (3) to the "advancement of education by the instruction of youth." The Act requires the authorities to report annually to Parliament. In 1899, St. Mary's College received, by a brief of His Holiness Pope Leo XIII., the privilege of "conferring the degrees of Laval University." The question of the disposition of the estates owned by the Jesuit Order before its suppression in 1773 was finally settled by an Act* of the Quebec Legislature in 1888. The estatest themselves were by this settlement left in the possession of the Province, which agreed to pay for a "full, complete, and perpetual cession" of them the sum of four hundred thousand dollars.

*51 and 52 Vict., cap. 13.

66

+Except the land known as 'Laprairie Common," which is held by the "Society of Jesus" under corporate powers conferred by Act of the Quebec Legislature passed in 1887 (50 Vict. eap. 28).

CHAPTER XII.

NOVA SCOTIA UNIVERSITIES.

The history of the university system of Nova Scotia is a narrative of struggles more arduous and sacrifices more costly than have generally fallen to the lot of young communities in their efforts to provide the means of obtaining a higher education. This Province has the honor of being the first part of the Dominion of Canada to enjoy the privilege of parliamentary government,* and its people have been marked all through their history by a robust progressiveness which could not fail to find expression in the desire for and the promotion of popular culture. The whole of the territory now comprised in the Provinces of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, with the exception of the Island of Cape Breton, was ceded by France to Great Britain under the treaty of Utrecht in 1713. For many years afterward a straggling border warfare was kept up between the British settlers on the one hand and the French and Indians on the other. The French Government fortified Louisburg, and the use made of it as a basis of local military operations against the British colonies prompted the expedition sent against it by the Province of Massachusetts in 1745. Louisburg was captured by the colonial forces, but was restored to France by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748. In the

The first Assembly" was held in 1758. It consisted of 22 members, of whom 12 were elected for the Province at large, four for Halifax, two for Lunenburg, and one each for Dartmouth, Lawrence, Annapolis, and Cumberland.

following year steps were taken by the British Government to establish a new settlement on Chebucto Bay, and its was named after the Earl of Halifax, then First Lord of the "Commissioners of Trade and Plantations." One object in view was to create an effective military counterpoise to the French settlement at Louisburg; another was to furnish with grants of land the officers and soldiers dismissed from the army on account of the restoration of peace. Many of these were from the New England States, where both parliamentary and collegiate institutions had been long* in operation, and others came from the same settlements as ordinary immigrants. To these were added many who came direct from England and Scotland, and, after the close of the Revolutionary War, a large influx of United Empire Loyalists.

THE UNIVERSITY OF KING'S COLLEGE.

As far back as 1787 the House of Assembly appropriated £400 for the purpose of establishing at Windsor a classical school under the auspices and control of the Church of England in Nova Scotia. This action was due mainly to the exertions of the Right Reverend Charles Inglis, D.D., the first Bishop of the Province. An academy was inaugurated in 1788 on the above foundation, and in the following year the Legislature made a special grant of £500, and an appropriation of £400 a year, to

*The foundation of Harvard College was laid by the Legislature of Massachusetts in 1636, and that of Yale College by the Legislalature of Connecticut in 1701.

The first Chief Justice of Nova Scotia was Jonathan Belcher, son of Governor Belcher, of Massachusetts. This colony supplied a large part of the force which deported the Acadians in 1755 from the shore of the Basin of Minas.

found a "College" in connection with the school. In 1790 the Imperial Parliament supplemented these amounts with a grant of £4,000.

King's College Charter.-A Royal charter, granted by George III. in 1802, incorporated the seminary under the title of "The Governors, President, and Fellows of King's College" and conferred on it the style and privileges of a university, including the right to confer degrees. In the same year the Imperial Parliament voted a yearly subsidy of £1,000 sterling for the support of the institution. Its already exclusive character was in 1803 intensified by the adoption of a rule that all candidates for matriculation should be required to subscribe to the "Thirty-nine Articles" of the Church of England. This was a serious barrier to its usefulness, but in spite of its want of popularity it early acquired a high reputation for sound scholarship. The appropriation of public funds to a purely sectarian college did not pass without protest, and the constituency of the University was too narrow to afford it either financial support or a large attendance of students. The matriculation test was afterward withdrawn, but not till other colleges had been established in the interest of those denominations that had been debarred by it from sharing in the advantages of King's College, and too late to enable King's to become, as perhaps it might otherwise have been, the sole university of Nova Scotia. When Lord Dalhousie was Governor * of the Province he endeavoured to found a college at Halifax. His scheme failed for a time, and an effort was then made to unite

* In 1817. See below, p. 176.